Table 3.
Association between anticholinergic burden and constipation.
| Study Year | Patient’s Groups Compared When Looking for a Correlation | Anticholinergic Scale | Association § | Association Magnitude § |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wawruch M. 2011 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >0 * | Anticholinergic Risk Scale † | + | OR: 1.91 (1.18–3.11) |
| Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale † | ||||
| Kuang-Hua H. 2012 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >0 * | Anticholinergic Risk Scale | + | OR: 1.87 (1.72–2.03) |
| Hwang S. 2019 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. ≥2 | Anticholinergic Risk Scale † | + | HR: 1.65 (1.35–2.02) |
| Mayer T. 2017 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >0 * | Anticholinergic Risk Scale | + | OR: 1.47 (p = 0.02) |
| Anticholinergic Burden Classification | + | OR: 1.58 (p < 0.001) | ||
| Cancelli’s Anticholinergic Burden Scale | + | OR: 1.58 (p < 0.001) | ||
| Chew’s list | + | OR: 1.57 (p = 0.002) | ||
| Anticholinergic Drug Scale | - | OR: 1.24 (p = 0.17) | ||
| Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale | - | OR: 1.47 (p = 0.08) | ||
| Drug Burden Index | - | OR: 1.14 (p = 0.45) | ||
| Anticholinergic Loading scale | - | OR: 1.14 (p = 0.45) | ||
| Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale | - | OR: 1.06 (p = 0.77) | ||
| ‘O’Dwyer M. 2016 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. 1–4 vs. >5 | Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale † | + | χ2: p < 0.001 |
| Allen C. 2017 | Patients with and without constipation | Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale | + | χ2: p < 0.001 |
| De Vreese L. P. 2018 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >3 | Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale | + | χ2: p = 0.003 |
| O’Connell J. 2018 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. (0–1) ‡ | Drug Burden Index | - | OR: 1.28 (0.64–2.53) |
| Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. ≥1 | - | OR: 1.68 (0.90–3.12) | ||
| Sevilla-Sánchez D. 2018 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >0 * | Drug Burden Index | + | χ2: p = 0.03 |
| Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. 1–2 vs. >2 | - | χ2: p = 0.11 | ||
| Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >0 * | Anticholinergic Drug Scale | - | χ2: p = 0.46 | |
| Anticholinergic burden; < 3 vs. ≥3 | - | χ2: p = 0.92 | ||
| Agar M. 2009 | Anticholinergic burden; 0 vs. >0 | Clinician-Rated Anticholinergic Scale † | - | OR: 1.05 (0.98–1.12) |
| Briet J. 2017 | Anticholinergic burden; ≤5 vs.>5 | Anticholinergic impregnation scale | + | OR: 2.03 (1.81–2.28) |
* This association assessment compared patients who were prescribed anticholinergic drugs vs. patients without said drugs. † The Anticholinergic scale was modified for this study. ‡ Low Anticholinergic burden. § Multivariate analysis data were collected preferably over univariate analysis. (+) Association present, (-) Association absent. OR: Odds ratio. χ2: Pearson’s chi-squared test. HR: Hazard ratio.