Table 1. Structural and Textural Characteristics of the Various TM-Doped Ceria Solids.
| composition M–Ce–O | heteroatom size (Å) | crystallite size (nm) | lattice strainc | lattice parameter (Å) | BET area (m2/g) | cumulative pore volume (cm3/g) | F2g band/Ov/F2g ratio |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CeO2 | Ce3+: 1.15 | 25.2a | 0.00197 | 5.82 | 14.8 | 464/0 | |
| Ce4+: 0.97 | (15.8)b | ||||||
| Co–Ce–O | Co2+: 0.79 | 16.35a | 0.00184 | 5.42 | 11.9 | 0.05 | 442.6/0.026 |
| (7.40)b | |||||||
| Cu–Ce–O | Cu2+: 0.87 | 11.07a | 0.00494 | 5.31 | 16.2 | 0.085 | 446.6/0.050 |
| (8.01)b | |||||||
| Fe–Ce–O | Fe3+: 0.78 | 8.81a | 0.00865 | 5.35 | 26.0 | 0.083 | 444.1/0.025 |
| (6.80)b | |||||||
| Mn–Ce–O | Mn4+: 0.53 | 9.87a | 0.01149 | 5.42 | 63.0 | 0.13 | 442.3/0.032 |
| Mn3+: 0.65 | (7.40)b | ||||||
| Ni–Ce–O | Ni3+: 0.72 | 12.43a | 0.00447 | 5.43 | 13.3 | 0.051 | 442.9/0.054 |
| (9.14)b | |||||||
| Zn–Ce–O | Zn2+: 0.88 | 13.86a | 0.00236 | 5.37 | 11.1 | 0.064 | 462.5/0.012 |
| (8.63)b | |||||||
| Zr–Ce–O | Zr4+: 0.80 | 10.20a | 0.00202 | 5.69 | 61.2 | 0.090 | 472.3/0.036 |
| (6.66)b |
Calculated based on the Scherrer formula.
Calculated based on the Williamson–Hall method.
Calculated based on the Williamson–Hall strain plot.