Table 1.

An overview on recently reported nanomaterial-based electrochemical methods for the determination of covid-19

Materials used	Target biomarker	Clinical sample	Electrochemical method	LOD	Reference
AuNPs on paper electrode	RNA of the N gene	Nasopharyngeal sample	Current−voltage data collected using a homemade circuit	6.9 copies/μL	[23]
Redox dye-incorporated silica nanoparticles	N and S genes	RNA from Nasopharyngeal sample	Isothermal rolling circle amplification-Sandwich hybridization assay with differential pulse voltammetry	1 copy/μL	[24]
Cobalt-TiO2 nanotubes	S-RBD	Nasal and saliva samples	Amperometric detection	14 nM	[25]
Graphene oxide paper-based electrode	SARS-CoV-2 IgG, IgM and S protein	Serum	Label-free detection-SWV	0.11 ng.mL−1 for spike protein	[26]
Molecular imprinted polymer	N antigen	Nasopharyngeal samples	Differential pulse voltammetry	15 fM	[28]
Magnetic nanobeads	N antigen	Serum	Amperometric detection	230 pg.mL−1	[29]
Magnetic beads with carbon black	S and N antigens	Saliva and nasopharyngeal sample	Differential pulse voltammetry	19 ng.mL−1 and 8 ng.mL−1	[30]
Carbon nanofiber	N antigen	Nasopharyngeal sample	Competitive detection using SWV	0.8 pg.mL−1	[31]
AuNPs	N antigen	Nasopharyngeal sample	Label-free detection using SWV	0.4 pg.mL−1	This work