Figure 1.

Copper deficiency alters flower development and reduces grain number in wheat and brachypodium. Plants were grown hydroponically under indicated copper concentrations. (A–D) Representative images of plants, tiller and head appearance under different copper concentrations of wheat (A, C) and brachypodium (B, D). (E–H) The number of flowers and grains per plant in wheat (E, F) or brachypodium (G, H). Statistical analysis in (E–H) was done with one-way ANOVA in the JMP Pro 14 software package; comparison of the means for all pairs was done using Tukey–Kramer HSD test. Data in (E–H) show mean values ± S.E. from the analysis of four (wheat) to six (brachypodium) independently grown plants from one out of two (wheat) and three (brachypodium) independent experiments. Levels not connected by the same letter are significantly different (p < 0.05, Tukey–Kramer HSD test).