Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 26.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;77(10):1404–1412. doi: 10.4088/JCP.15m10114

Table 3.

Adjusted Odds Ratios (aORs) of 12-Month DSM-5 Nicotine Use Disorder (NUD) and Other Psychiatric Disordersa

Controlling for Sociodemographic Characteristics
Controlling for Sociodemographic Characteristics and Additional Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Any NUD
Mild
Moderate
Severe
Any NUD
Comorbid Disorder aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI) aOR (95% CI)

Any substance use disorder 2.12 (1.88–2.32) 3.57 (3.16–4.03) 5.70 (5.06–6.43) 3.62 (3.32–3.93) 2.09 (1.84–2.38) 3.08 (2.72–3.50) 4.09 (3.60–4.65) 3.02 (2.76–3.31)
 Alcohol use disorder 2.04 (1.79–2.42) 3.27 (2.88–3.70) 4.54 (4.01–5.14) 3.20 (2.93–3.49) 1.94 (1.69–2.22) 2.67 (2.33–3.06) 2.88 (2.52–3.29) 2.47 (2.25–2.72)
 Any drug use disorder 2.32 (1.79–3.01) 4.49 (3.62–5.58) 10.97 (9.23–13.04) 5.69 (4.98–6.51) 1.88 (1.42–2.48) 2.73 (2.13–3.51) 5.08 (4.19–6.18) 3.29 (2.84–3.82)
Any mood disorder 1.16 (1.00–1.34) 1.91 (1.65–2.22) 3.80 (3.36–4.30) 2.18 (1.99–2.39) 1.04 (0.88–1.23) 1.31 (1.12–1.55) 1.87 (1.61–2.17) 1.41 (1.27–1.57)
 Major depressive disorder 1.15 (0.98–1.34) 1.76 (1.49–2.08) 2.78 (2.42–3.19) 1.87 (1.69–2.06) 1.05 (0.89–1.24) 1.32 (1.10–1.57) 1.39 (1.15–1.69) 1.26 (1.12–1.42)
 Persistent depression (dysthymia) 1.10 (0.85–1.43) 1.46 (1.11–2.91) 2.46 (2.00–3.04) 1.69 (1.44–1.98) 0.99 (0.74–1.32) 0.93 (0.68–1.26) 0.98 (0.76–1.27) 0.97 (0.81–1.15)
 Bipolar I 1.64 (0.99–2.72) 2.58 (1.74–3.84) 7.88 (6.07–10.22) 4.03 (3.19–5.11) 1.40 (0.83–2.37) 1.43 (0.95–2.15) 2.53 (1.87–3.42) 1.93 (1.49–2.50)
 Bipolar II 0.31 (0.09–1.03) 0.87 (0.38–1.99) 4.68 (2.78–7.88) 2.02 (1.29–3.18) 0.26 (0.08–0.86) 0.52 (0.24–1.16) 1.85 (1.07–3.21) 1.05 (0.67–1.64)
Any anxiety disorder 1.12 (0.96–1.29) 1.74 (1.53–1.98) 3.31 (2.94–3.73) 1.98 (1.82–2.16) 1.00 (0.84–1.18) 1.17 (1.01–1.36) 1.53 (1.33–1.75) 1.24 (1.13–1.36)
 Panic 1.37 (1.06–1.78) 2.23 (1.74–2.84) 4.54 (3.69–5.57) 2.72 (2.34–3.15) 1.22 (0.91–1.64) 1.46 (1.12–1.90) 1.76 (1.39–2.23) 1.53 (1.28–1.82)
 Agoraphobia 0.90 (0.53–1.53) 2.24 (1.64–3.05) 3.94 (2.88–5.39) 2.39 (1.83–3.13) 0.77 (0.44–1.35) 1.40 (0.97–2.03) 1.32 (0.91–1.92) 1.22 (0.88–1.69)
 Social phobia 0.85 (0.61–1.19) 1.73 (1.30–2.30) 2.65 (2.07–3.38) 1.75 (1.45–2.12) 0.72 (0.51–1.03) 1.11 (0.80–1.54) 0.92 (0.70–1.21) 0.93 (0.76–1.14)
 Specific phobia 1.16 (0.89–1.50) 1.39 (1.13–1.70) 2.45 (2.09–2.86) 1.66 (1.47–1.87) 1.06 (0.81–1.40) 0.98 (0.79–1.23) 1.21 (0.99–1.47) 1.09 (0.95–1.25)
 Generalized anxiety disorder 1.06 (0.86–1.30) 1.80 (1.49–2.18) 3.59 (3.01–4.15) 2.12 (1.89–2.38) 0.95 (0.75–1.20) 1.11 (0.89–1.39) 1.29 (1.11–1.50) 1.15 (1.01–1.31)
Posttraumatic stress disorder 1.13 (0.86–1.48) 1.97 (1.59–2.44) 4.04 (3.41–4.78) 2.35 (2.03–2.73) 0.98 (0.73–1.32) 1.20 (0.95–1.51) 1.50 (1.27–1.78) 1.27 (1.09–1.49)
Schizotypal personality disorder 0.97 (0.78–1.19) 1.62 (1.34–1.97) 4.73 (4.06–5.50) 2.34 (2.06–2.65) 0.72 (0.58–0.90) 0.79 (0.63–0.99) 1.51 (1.22–1.86) 1.06 (0.90–1.24)
Borderline personality disorder 1.36 (1.11–1.65) 2.46 (2.12–2.85) 5.36 (4.70–6.10) 2.87 (2.58–3.19) 1.25 (0.99–1.58) 1.56 (1.31–1.86) 2.05 (1.75–2.41) 1.64 (1.43–1.88)
Antisocial personality disorder 1.69 (1.32–2.12) 2.82 (2.34–3.39) 5.31 (4.46–6.33) 3.22 (2.87–3.62) 1.52 (1.21–1.91) 1.84 (1.51–2.24) 2.39 (1.93–2.95) 1.96 (1.71–2.25)
a

Significant (P < .05) odds ratios appear in bold font.