Table 4.
Adjusted Odds Ratios of Lifetime DSM-5 Nicotine Use Disorder (NUD) and other Psychiatric Disordersa.
| Comorbid Disorder | Adjusted Odds Ratios (ORs) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controlling for Sociodemographic Characteristics | Controlling for Sociodemographic Characteristics and Additional Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders | |||||||
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | Any NUD | Mild | Moderate | Severe | Any NUD | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Any substance use disorder | 2.37 (2.10–2.66) | 4.75 (4.31–5.23) | 8.70 (7.94–9.54) | 5.23 (4.91–5.57) | 2.39 (2.14–2.67) | 4.30 (3.88–4.76) | 6.29 (5.68–6.97) | 4.34 (4.04–4.66) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 2.22 (1.98–2.49) | 4.36 (3.96–4.79) | 7.04 (6.42–7.72) | 4.62 (4.33–4.94) | 2.08 (1.86–2.33) | 3.52 (3.17–3.90) | 3.96 (3.56–4.40) | 3.23 (2.99–3.48) |
| Any drug use disorder | 2.51 (2.06–3.06) | 4.68 (4.01–5.45) | 12.62 (11.19–14.23) | 7.06 (6.35–7.84) | 2.03 (1.67–2.48) | 2.82 (2.38–3.34) | 5.64 (4.94–6.46) | 3.82 (3.39–4.30) |
| Any mood disorder | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 1.68 (1.48–1.92) | 3.51 (3.24–3.81) | 2.19 (2.05–2.35) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 1.15 (1.00–1.32) | 1.70 (1.55–1.88) | 1.32 (1.22–1.42) |
| Major depressive disorder | 1.06 (0.93–1.20) | 1.61 (1.40–1.85) | 2.62 (2.40–2.86) | 1.88 (1.75–2.02) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 1.22 (1.05–1.42) | 1.38 (1.24–1.55) | 1.22 (1.12–1.33) |
| Persistent depression (dysthymia) | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) | 1.53 (1.25–1.88) | 2.84 (2.48–3.26) | 2.04 (1.83–2.27) | 1.06 (0.84–1.33) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 1.13 (0.95–1.34) | 1.06 (0.92–1.22) |
| Bipolar I | 1.41 (0.88–2.27) | 2.03 (1.44–2.86) | 6.61 (5.41–8.07) | 3.91 (3.25–4.71) | 1.15 (0.71–1.86) | 1.06 (0.73–1.54) | 1.93 (1.55–2.40) | 1.57 (1.29–1.90) |
| Bipolar II | 0.73 (0.31–1.72) | 1.42 (0.78–2.61) | 4.36 (2.74–6.94) | 2.61 (1.76–3.87) | 0.62 (0.26–1.47) | 0.87 (0.48–1.60) | 1.57 (0.87–2.84) | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) |
| Any anxiety disorder | 1.13 (0.98–1.30) | 1.81 (1.60–2.06) | 3.46 (3.14–3.81) | 2.29 (2.12–2.48) | 1.01 (0.87–1.18) | 1.26 (1.09–1.45) | 1.57 (1.41–1.75) | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) |
| Panic | 1.10 (0.84–1.45) | 2.02 (1.69–2.42) | 3.97 (3.50–4.50) | 2.66 (2.39–2.96) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) | 1.35 (1.10–1.66) | 1.60 (1.39–1.86) | 1.41 (1.24–1.60) |
| Agoraphobia | 0.87 (0.52–1.44) | 2.21 (1.61–3.03) | 4.18 (3.37–5.18) | 2.80 (2.31–3.38) | 0.76 (0.46–1.26) | 1.35 (0.97–1.88) | 1.37 (1.06–1.78) | 1.27 (1.02–1.58) |
| Social phobia | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 1.63 (1.27–2.11) | 3.24 (2.76–3.81) | 2.17 (1.87–2.51) | 0.73 (0.50–1.08) | 1.05 (0.81–1.38) | 1.21 (0.98–1.49) | 1.08 (0.90–1.29) |
| Specific phobia | 1.11 (0.85–1.44) | 1.77 (1.49–2.09) | 2.79 (2.41–3.24) | 2.06 (1.83–2.32) | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) | 1.30 (1.08–1.56) | 1.37 (1.16–1.62) | 1.27 (1.12–1.45) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 1.16 (0.94–1.43) | 1.49 (1.24–1.80) | 3.21 (2.83–3.65) | 2.17 (1.96–2.40) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 0.92 (0.74–1.13) | 1.16 (0.99–1.35) | 1.07 (0.96–1.21) |
| Posttraumatic stress disorder | 1.10 (0.87–1.38) | 2.01 (1.71–2.36) | 4.32 (3.77–4.96) | 2.77 (2.49–3.09) | 0.96 (0.73–1.25) | 1.23 (1.03–1.47) | 1.56 (1.34–1.82) | 1.35 (1.19–1.53) |
| Schizotypal personality disorder | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) | 1.58 (1.29–1.92) | 4.05 (3.49–4.70) | 2.45 (2.16–2.78) | 0.71 (0.54–0.92) | 0.79 (0.63–0.99) | 1.14 (0.96–1.36) | 0.96 (0.84–1.10) |
| Borderline personality disorder | 1.26 (1.02–1.56) | 2.30 (2.01–2.63) | 5.32 (4.78–5.93) | 3.22 (2.94–3.53) | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 1.33 (1.13–1.56) | 1.73 (1.50–1.98) | 1.47 (1.31–1.65) |
| Antisocial personality disorder | 1.80 (1.35–2.40) | 3.10 (2.54–3.77) | 6.69 (5.81–7.69) | 4.30 (3.81–4.86) | 1.54 (1.16–2.03) | 1.87 (1.54–2.27) | 2.66 (2.26–3.15) | 2.19 (1.92–2.50) |
a
Significant (P < 0.05) odds ratios appear in bold font.