Figure 19.

Microarrays assessed for spot defects. Reprinted with permission from ref (443). Copyright 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry. (a) Overview of a combinatorial microarray prepared using premixed combinations of commercially available monomers and on-slide polymerization. (b) Representative images of defective copolymer spots showing noncircularity, spreading, and roughness (light microscopy), and chemical heterogeneity (ToF SIMS images of the C₃H₃^– ion); images of the corresponding nondefective homopolymers (left images); (c) AFM images of polymer spots assigned with a roughness defect. Images are 5 × 5 μm².