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. 2021 Apr 26;7(5):1020–1031. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00831

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Overview of the major multisite GEMS and MAL-ED studies of enteric pathogen associations with diarrhea or enteropathy, altered gut function, impaired growth, and cognition and metabolic changes. These studies involved over 9000 and 2000 children, respectively.18,19 Pathogens marked with red circles have murine models for diarrhea or enteropathy without overt diarrhea as noted in blue circles. L/M = lactulose/mannitol excretion ratio; A1AT = alpha-1-antitrypsin; EE = environmental enteropathy; Campy = Campylobacter; Crypto = Cryptosporidium; deltaHAZ = change in height-for-age Z score from 4 to 24 months of age; HAZdrop = decline in HAZ scores between 4 and 24 months of age; COGhit = decline in cognitive function (often measured 3–7 years later) associated with enteric infections in the first 2 years of life; METsyn = metabolic syndrome later in life that is associated with early childhood enteric infections; WAMI = water/sanitation, assets, maternal education, income.