Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Location | Participants (cases/controls) | Design | Psychosocial factors | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted factors |
| Zhou CF 1999 | Haian, Jiangsu | 548 (274/274) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 2.119 (1.259–3.566) | Age, sex, residence, education, cooking, eating fresh food, intake of salted fish and meat, overeating and overdrinking, eating fast, eating irregularly, eating with anger, psychological stress |
| Chen ZY 2000 | Rugao, Jiangsu | 200 (100/100) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 10.49 (2.46–44.78) | Age, sex, residence |
| Always in sulks | 10.14 (1.84–55.66) | |||||
| Irritable personality | 1.92 (0.85–3.76) | |||||
| Zhang GS 2000 | Cixian, Hebei | 700 (350/350) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 2.86 (1.6–5.12) | Age, sex, residence |
| Type A behavior | 1.33 (0.97–1.83) | |||||
| Qi GY 2001 | Pizhou, Jiang | 206 (103/103) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 2.77 (1.42–5.41) | Age, sex, residence, eating fast, intake of salted food, intake of mildew food, garlic intake, fruit intake, smoking, gastric diseases |
| Ding BG 2003 | Taixing, Jiangsu | 601 (204/397) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 2.000 (1.258–3.168) | Age, sex, residence |
| Outgoing personality | 0.200 (0.072–0.423) | |||||
| Wang J 2005 | Yakeshi, Neimenggu | 150 (50/100) | Hospital-based | Psychological trauma | 6.6015 (5.0274–7.2164) | Age, sex, residence, ethnicity, hospitalization, drinking, smoking, fruit intake, melena, harmonious neighborhood, marital status, illness or death of family members, income |
| Interpersonal relationship | 0.2216 (0.1379–0.4327) | |||||
| Li ZF 2007 | Changzhi, Shanxi | 402 (201/201) | Hospital-based | Psychological trauma | 1.74 (1.01–3.00) | Age, sex, residence, ethnicity, hospitalisation, egg and meat intake, smoking, eating hot-food, eating hard food, EC family history |
| Dai LP 2009 | Xinxiang, Henan | 3422 (1711/1711) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 1.91 (1.26–2.88) | Age, sex, residence, eating fast, eating hot-food, eating smoked food, eating fried food, eating hard food, symptoms of upper gastrointestinal tract |
| Ding HM 2013 | Tengzhou, Shandong | 177 (86/91) | Hospital-based | Psychological trauma | 2.36 (1.54–4.50) | Age, sex, residence, hospitalization, intake of meat and eggs, intake of soybean products, education, eating hot food, eating hard food, drinking, smoking, eating salted food, family history of esophageal cancer, seething, harmonious interpersonal relationship |
| Always in sulks | 1.84 (0.96–3.51) | |||||
| Interpersonal relationship | 0.38 (0.24–0.64) | |||||
| Duan PF 2015 | Changzhi, Shanxi | 308 (143/165) | Hospital-based | Psychological trauma | 3.45 (1.84–6.50) | Age, sex, hospitalization, education, eating hot food, eating hard food, intake of salted food, gene-type |
| Zhu DS 2019 | Zhucheng, Shandong | 240 (120/120) | Hospital-based | Psychological trauma | 1.395 (1.102–1.766) | Hospitalization |
| Melancholy | 2.277 (1.231–4.212) | |||||
| Outgoing personality | 0.644 (0.306–1.355) | |||||
| Lu JB 2000 | Linzhou, Henan | 704 (352/352) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 1.82 (1.20–2.77) | Age, sex, residence |
| Type A behavior | 1.44 (1.04–2.00) | |||||
| Depression | 3.552 (1.95–6.46) | |||||
| Liu XM 2001 | Tianjin | 330 (165/165) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 2.07 (1.18–3.61) | Age, sex, residence, ethnicity, education |
| Li SP 2001 | Taixing, Jiangsu | 1182 (591/591) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 1.96 (1.38–2.80) | Age, sex, residence |
| Melancholy | 5.52 (2.77–11.28) | |||||
| Depression | 2.80 (1.98–3.96) | |||||
| Interpersonal relationship | 0.73 (0.58–0.93) | |||||
| Liu YT 2002 | Huaian, Jiangsu | 244 (122/122) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 2.12 (1.22–3.69) | Age, sex, residence, ethnicity, marital status, education, job, income, smoking, drinking |
| Introverted personality | 4.74 (2.56–8.78) | |||||
| Luo R 2008 | Zhangye, Gansu | 1034 (488/546) | Hospital-based | Psychological trauma | 3.89 (1.71–8.78) | Education, smoking, drinking, intake of vegetables and hot-food, EC family history, psychological trauma |
| Huang LW 2014 | Putian, Fujian | 200 (40/160) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 1.31 (0.65–1.94) | Age, sex, residence, ethnicity, education, job, esophagitis history, cancer family history, smoking, drinking, psychological trauma, depression, intake of fruits, vegetables and red meat |
| Melancholy | 1.04 (0.38–1.93) | |||||
| Pan Y 2017 | Huaian, Jiangsu | 308 (154/154) | Population-based | Psychological trauma | 1.542 (0.612–3.885) | Age, sex, residence, smoked food intake, cancer family history, history of digestive diseases |
| Type A behavior | 1.475 (0.873–2.491) | |||||
| Yuan Y 2001 | Anyang, Henan | 144 (48/96) | Population-based | Interpersonal relationship | 0.15 (0.04–0.49) | Age, sex, residence |
| Wu T 2003 | Wuhan, Hubei | 116 (58/58) | Hospital-based | Type A behavior | 1.60 (0.59–4.34) | Age, sex, hospitalization, smoking, intake of vegetables, fruits and smoked food |
| Depression | 10.24 (0.90–116.91) | |||||
| Zhao JK 2005 | Yancheng, Jiangsu | 290 (145/145) | Population-based | Outgoing personality | 0.728 (0.432–1.226) | Age, sex, residence, income, pollution, eating fast, sauce intake, tea intake, EC family history |
| Tan L 2010 | Laiwu, Shandong | 231 (113/118) | Hospital-based | Irritable personality | 2.285 (1.234–4.521) | Hospitalization, intake of hot-food, mildew food and vegetables, pollution |
| Depression | 27.747 (7.152–149.853) | |||||
| Liu ZQ 2011 | Jining, Shandong | 324 (162/162) | Population-based | Always in sulks | 3.692 (2.678–4.684) | Age, sex, residence, smoking, drinking,eating fast, eating mildew food, EC family history |
| Xie ZP 2013 | Nanning, Guangxi/Zhanjiang, Guangdong | 397 (196/201) | Hospital-based | Irritable personality | 2.141 (1.456–3.151) | Hospitalization, residence, smoking, drinking, intake of tea, hot-food, salted fish, fruits and vegetables |
| Melancholy | 1.693 (1.176–2.438) | |||||
| Zhai M 2014 | Jining, Shandong | 304 (152/152) | Population/hospital-based | Melancholy | 1.726 (1.015–2.934) | Age sex |
| Zhang X 2018 | Nanyang, Henan | 1158 (573/585) | Hospital-based | Always in sulks | 1.04 (0.83–4.01) | Hospitalization, smoking, intake of egg, milk, meat, fruits, salted food, hot-food, family history |
| Yan HQ 2019 | Ningde, Fujian | 500 (250/250) | Population-based | Type A behavior | 1.386 (0.972–1.976) | Residence, ethnicity, smoking, drinking, intake of hard food, hot-food, mildew food, fruits, vegetables, meat, egg, milk and soybean, family history |
| Depression | 3.405 (2.232–6.768) |