Table 2:

Adjusted logistic regressions for associations between patient-level and hospital-level characteristics and maternal morbidity.^a

Patient Characteristics	Overall	White	Black	Hispanic
Age
<20	1.62***	1.70***	1.38***	1.82***
20–29	1.02	1.00	0.98	1.06
30–39	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
40+	1.42***	1.45***	1.31***	1.27***
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	Ref	-	-	-
Non-Hispanic Black	1.47***	-	-	-
Non-Hispanic Asian	1.55***	-	-	-
Hispanic	1.30***	-	-	-
Other	1.32***	-	-	-
Payer
Private	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Medicaid	1.12***	1.12***	1.06	1.14***
Medicare	1.52***	1.14	1.85***	1.61*
Other (including self-pay)	1.14**	1.22***	1.01	1.08
Any comorbidityb
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	5.54***	5.64***	4.90***	5.82***
Delivery type
Vaginal	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Cesarean Section	2.89***	2.72***	3.47***	2.80***
Median household income quartilec
Quartile 1	1.12***	1.09*	1.06	1.15*
Quartile 2	1.05	1.09*	0.97	1.01
Quartile 3	1.02	1.00	1.02	1.07
Quartile 4	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Location of Residence
Large metropolitan	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Small/medium metropolitan	0.95	0.95	0.94	0.92
Micropolitan	1.08	1.07	0.97	1.28*
Rural (noncore)	1.09	1.07	0.97	1.19
Hospital Characteristics
Region
Northeast	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Midwest	0.68***	0.70***	0.71***	0.67***
South	0.79***	0.90*	0.75***	0.72***
West	0.78***	0.88*	0.69***	0.70***
Ownership
Public	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Private non-profit	0.84***	0.97	0.77***	0.76***
Private for profit	0.74***	0.89	0.70***	0.64***
Location/Teaching status
Rural	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Urban non-teaching	0.88*	0.88	0.77*	0.98
Urban teaching	0.89*	0.90	0.83	0.90
Safety-Net Hospitald
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.12**	1.10*	1.22***	1.07
Minority-Serving Hospitald
No	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	1.24***	1.21***	1.31***	1.15**

Authors’ analysis of data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, National Inpatient Sample, years 2016 and 2017. Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) identified using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SMM indicator list

^aOverall unweighted n=1,382,865; weighted n=6,914,317. White unweighted n=727,838; weighted n=3,639,185. Black unweighted n=207,547; weighted n=1,037,735. Hispanic unweighted n=285,419; weighted n=1,427,093.

^bAny comorbidity among 25 Elixhauser comorbidity measures, which congestive heart failure, coagulation deficiency, hypertensive encephalopathy, pulmonary circulation disorders, and peripheral perivascular disease.

^cHousehold income is measured as the median household income at the ZIP code level, and it is based on the woman’s location of residence.

^dSafety-net and minority-serving hospital designation include hospitals in the top quartile of hospital discharges with Medicaid payment and women who were not of White race, respectively. Designations were determined for each year separately.

^*p<0.01;

^**p<0.001;

^***p<0.001