Table 1.
Summary statistics of the data, 2010M1–2017M12 (2400 observations)
| Variables | Description | Mean | Std. Dev. | Minimum | Maximum |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Healthcare expenditure | |||||
| HCE | Per capita healthcare expenditure (HCE) adjusted by CPI (consumer price index) | 444,493.80 | 170,513.80 | 95,040.00 | 1,034,706.00 |
| Patients | |||||
| L20pat | Patients with atopic dermatitis | 1096.35 | 426.86 | 285.00 | 2602.00 |
| J30pat | Patients with vascular mobility and allergic rhinitis | 6315.73 | 2818.09 | 803.00 | 16,168.00 |
| J45pat | Patients with asthma | 2058.29 | 905.77 | 352.00 | 6457.00 |
| J46pat | Patients with asthma persistence status | 97.29 | 89.95 | 1.00 | 731.00 |
| Patient | L20pat + J30pat + J45pat + J46pat | 9567.63 | 3792.16 | 1880.00 | 22,764.00 |
| Composite air pollution index | |||||
| SO2 | Concentration of SO2 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.011 |
| PM10 | Concentration of PM10 | 47.590 | 14.067 | 17.278 | 95.120 |
| O3 | Concentration of O3 | 0.020 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.051 |
| NO2 | Concentration of NO2 | 0.037 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.067 |
| CO | Concentration of CO | 0.574 | 0.150 | 0.191 | 1.179 |
| COMP | Composite air pollution index | 41.617 | 16.532 | 5.41e−06 | 100.000 |
| Policy factors of inefficiency | |||||
| CARS | Cars enrolled in the districts | 12,065,400 | 46,534 | 49,139 | 255,677 |
| INDU | The number of mining and industries registered in districts | 2355.33 | 1980.72 | 610.00 | 10,262.00 |
| ELDER | The number of elderly (over 60 years of age) | 46,322.47 | 12,829.21 | 15,852.00 | 76,442.00 |
| Non-policy factors of inefficiency | |||||
| TEMP | Average temperature (°C) | 12.85 | 10.22 | − 8.80 | 29.20 |
| WIND | Average wind speed (m/s) | 1.70 | 0.44 | 0.10 | 3.30 |
| RAIN | Monthly sum of rainfall | 105.98 | 161.29 | 0.00 | 1116.00 |
1) Monetary unit is 1000 South Korean won 2) The data contains seasonal dummies