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. 2021 Mar 10;197(6):537–546. doi: 10.1007/s00066-021-01751-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — Effect of irradiation at day 0 on E‑cadherin expression and its modulation by thalidomide (THA): a Early phase: Data points at 3‑day intervals represent the average immunohistochemical intensity (IHC) score from 15 samples (5 samples per day). b Late phase: Data points at 60-day intervals represent the average IHC score from 12 samples (6 samples every 30 days). Additional data points at 6‑day intervals are shown in the THA150–180 group and represent the average IHC score from 18 samples (6 samples every other day). Significant differences between THA treatment groups and irradiated control are marked with stars in the color of the respective treatment group. Different THA treatment times are marked in the color of the respective group along the x‑axis (daily application in THA1–15 and THA16–30; every second day in THA150–180). c Representative photomicrographs of urothelium at 400× magnification at day 3, 12, 30 and 180 demonstrate changes in intensity of immunoreactivity for E‑cadherin. *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001; scale bar = 50 µm