Table 1.

Amount (mg kg⁻¹) and percentage (%) of heavy metals (HM) in soil before and after washing by either HA solution or water at liquid:solid ratio of 10:1

HM	HM in original soil	Amount of HM in soil after washing		Percentage of HM removed with washing
		HA	H2O	HA	H2O
As	55 ± 7a	39 ± 4b	43 ± 4ab	29	22
Co	17 ± 1a	12 ± 1b	16 ± 1ac	29	6
Cr	28 ± 4a	17 ± 4b	21 ± 4ab	39	25
Cu	99 ± 9a	33 ± 4b	55 ± 6c	67	44
Hg	7 ± 1a	3 ± 0.2b	6 ± 1ac	57	14
Ni	41 ± 5a	24 ± 4b	30 ± 3bc	41	27
Pb	214 ± 10a	85 ± 11b	122 ± 10c	60	43
Zn	221 ± 11a	100 ± 11b	139 ± 16c	55	37

Row values followed by a different letter indicate significantly different values (P < 0.05), as determined by one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey test