Table 1.

Inflammatory non-infectious disorders of the spine and infectious aetiology of pyogenic spondylodiscitis

Inflammatory non-infectious disorders of the spine	Infectious spondylodiscitis
Spondyloarthritides [axSpA]*	Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis Gram-positive aerobic cocci Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Enterococcus spp., other streptococci Gram-negative aerobic bacilli Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp., Salmonella
Synovitis–acne–pustulosis–hyperostosis–osteitis [SAPHO]
Modic changes type-1 syndrome
Acute symptomatic calcific discitis Spinal gout Destructive spondyloarthropathy of haemodialysis
	Infectious granulomatous diseases Tuberculous spondylodiscitis Brucella spondylodiscitis
	Fungal infection Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., Cryptococcus, Coccidioides immitis, Blastomyces dermatitidis
	Parasitic spinal infections Taenia solium, Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, Toxoplasma gondii, Echinococcus granulosus

*axSpA comprise ankylosing spondylitis (AS), reactive arthritis, arthritis/spondylitis in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), and psoriatic arthritis with axial involvement