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. 2021 May 26;12:3154. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-23511-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a Numerically calculated phase, flow field and distribution of the viscous dissipation rate of an impacting overlaid droplet. Viscous dissipation centralises in the overlayer and abounds in the spreading stage. Numerically calculated evolution of the kinetic energy of the water core during the impact for different (b) viscosities and (c) thicknesses of the overlayer. The inset in (c) shows that the experimental maximum out-of-plane height appears nearly independent of thickness for the range of 0.333 < c < 206 μm, and the error bars denote the standard deviation over three experiments. The overlayer effectively suppresses the rebound as its thickness is as thin as c ~333 nm.