Table 1.
Costs and CO2-equivalent emissions in the scenarios of B90-2015-PC, noBiomass-2015-PC, and B90-2015-PC-noCCS.
| Scenarios | B90-2015-PC | noBiomass-2015-PC | B90-2015-PC-noCCS | ||||||
| Abatement target (Gt CO2-eq yr−1) | 0.1 | 1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 1 | 1.9 |
| Biomass consumption (Gt yr−1) | 0.04 | 0.4 | 0.8 | – | – | – | 0.1 | 0.8 | 1.8 |
| Total costs (billion $ yr−1) | 5.2 | 64.4 | 131.4 | 11 | 110.1 | 209.8 | −0.7 | 23.0 | 264.6 |
| Items | Marginal cost ($ (t CO2-eq)−1) | ||||||||
| Coal substitution (lower cost) | −31.8 | −33.7 | −34.2 | – | – | – | −82.0 | −91.0 | −220.6 |
| Retrofitting plants for co-firing and CCS | 27.1 | 28.7 | 29.1 | 43.7 | 43.7 | 43.7 | 34.7 | 38.5 | 93.4 |
| Biomass acquisition | 12.4 | 20.4 | 21.2 | – | – | – | 22.2 | 74.7 | 259.3 |
| Biomass pretreatment | 5.5 | 6.4 | 6.6 | – | – | – | 9.9 | 11.8 | 38.1 |
| Biomass transport | 1.1 | 2.3 | 13.2 | – | – | – | 1.9 | 32.6 | 274.0 |
| CO2 capture and storage (CCS) | 33.0 | 34.9 | 35.4 | 52.4 | 52.4 | 52.4 | – | – | – |
| CO2 transport | 2.2 | 2.7 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 7.8 | 8.4 | – | – | – |
| Fertilizer usage | 0.0 | 3.5 | 3.9 | – | – | – | 0.0 | 5.2 | 37.0 |
| Water consumption | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.6 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 89.7 |
| Total | 52.3 | 68.8 | 82.3 | 109.6 | 110.5 | 111.1 | -7.0 | 79.5 | 570.8 |
| Sources | Marginal emission (t CO2-eq (t CO2-eq)−1) | ||||||||
| Emission in land-use change | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – | – | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.86 |
| Emission in fertilizer production | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.03 | – | – | – | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.35 |
| Emission in fertilizer application | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.02 | – | – | – | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.15 |
| Emission in biomass treatment | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.10 | – | – | – | 0.14 | 0.18 | 0.50 |
| Emission in biomass transport | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | – | – | – | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.21 |
| Emission in retrofitting power plants | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – | – |
| Emission in substituted coal | −0.44 | −0.47 | −0.47 | – | – | – | −1.14 | −1.27 | −3.08 |
| Carbon sequestration in CCS | −0.64 | −0.68 | −0.69 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | – | – | – |
| Total | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 | −1.00 |