Table 2.
Common mutations (allele frequency %) in putative drug-resistance genes.
| Gene name | Position | Amino acid change | South Asia (n = 92) | East Africa (n = 50) | South America (n = 148) | SEA (n = 186) | South SEA (n = 84) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pvdhfr | 1077510 | N50I | 7.1 | ||||
| pvdhfr | 1077530/2 | F57I | 56.2 | ||||
| pvdhfr | 1077530/2 | F57L | 4.3 | 76.5 | |||
| pvdhfr | 1077534 | K58R | 8.8 | ||||
| pvdhfr | 1077535 | S58R | 34.5 | 88.0 | 67.9 | 100 | 62.2 |
| pvdhfr | 1077543 | T61M | 64.9 | 36.5 | |||
| pvdhfr | 1077711 | N117T | 0.7 | 64.1 | 72.6 | ||
| pvdhfr | 1077711 | N117S | 62.2 | 6.3 | 20.3 | 9.5 | |
| pvdhfr | 1078090 | D243E | 3.6 | ||||
| pvdhfr | 1078180 | N273K | 10.7 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270256 | M601I | 6.6 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270401 | A553G | 11.0 | 0.6 | 67.6 | 54.1 | |
| pvdhps | 1270524 | K512M | 3.8 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270683 | D459A | 3.3 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270793 | C422W | 15.3 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270911 | G383A | 86.7 | 68.0 | 47.2 | 3.8 | 32.1 |
| pvdhps | 1270914 | S382C | 10.6 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270915 | S382A | 21.1 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1270966 | F365L | 4.4 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1271444 | M205I* | 72.0 | 59.2 | 100 | 8.2 | |
| pvdhps | 1271634 | E142G* | 64.0 | ||||
| pvdhps | 1271664 | E132G* | 38.8 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 478789 | L1449I | 7.8 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 478955 | K1393N | 11.2 | 2.0 | 10.8 | 1.2 | |
| pvmdr1 | 479329 | T1269S | 10.1 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 479908 | L1076F | 2.2 | 88.1 | 33.5 | 1.2 | |
| pvmdr1 | 480207 | F976Y | 97.8 | 46.0 | 89.9 | 68.7 | 11.9 |
| pvmdr1 | 480412 | L908M | 13.5 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 480552 | A861E | 4.4 | 3.8 | |||
| pvmdr1 | 480601 | L845F | 14.3 | 8.7 | 2.4 | ||
| pvmdr1 | 480846 | A763V | 3.8 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 481042 | S698G | 59.3 | 38.0 | 100 | 0.5 | |
| pvmdr1 | 481595 | S513R | 35.6 | 72.0 | 0.6 | 23.2 | |
| pvmdr1 | 481636 | D500N | 17.3 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 481908 | T409M | 11.1 | ||||
| pvmdr1 | 482473 | V221L | 18.9 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 153954 | N1657S | 30.1 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154065 | I1620T | 4.7 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154107 | A1606D | 7.5 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154108 | A1606T | 7.6 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154168 | H1586Y | 9.3 | 28.9 | 3.8 | ||
| pvmrp1 | 154216 | D1570Y | 3.5 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154294 | V1544I | 8.5 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154350 | T1525I | 6.3 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154492 | I1478V | 20.3 | 23.5 | 15.4 | ||
| pvmrp1 | 154668 | G1419A | 23.4 | 16.7 | 33.8 | ||
| pvmrp1 | 154747 | D1393Y | 18.3 | 4.9 | 0.5 | ||
| pvmrp1 | 154831 | L1365F | 3.5 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 154843 | L1361F | 3.0 | 0.5 | |||
| pvmrp1 | 155080 | L1282I | 9.6 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 155305 | L1207I | 85.4 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 155871 | C1018Y | 6.1 | ||||
| pvmrp1 | 156208 | E906Q | 42.6 | 48.6 | 24.8 | 4.3 | 9.4 |
| pvmrp1 | 157300 | K542E | 14.1 | 2.5 | 1.4 | ||
| pvmrp1 | 158148 | R259T* | 39.3 | 50.0 | 13.3 | 0.5 | |
| pvmrp1 | 158223 | T234M | 84.0 | 1.2 | |||
| pvpm4 | 1802108 | I165V | 7.7 | 24.5 | 66.3 | 56.2 | 22.6 |
Allele frequency bolded if >50%; South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan); East Africa (Eritrea, Ethiopia, Madagascar), South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Mexico); SEA (Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam); Southern SEA (Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, The Philippines); * in the HPPK-coding part of the bifunctional gene.