Table 1.
Description of study participants
| South Asian | White | |||
| 18 months (n=84) | 36 months (n=66) | 18 months (n=125) | 36 months (n=96) | |
| Sex (n (%) boys) | 43 (51.2) | 32 (48.5) | 58 (46.4) | 38 (39.6) |
| Age (months) | 18.1 (0.7) | 36.7 (1.1) | 18.3 (1.1) | 36.5 (0.5) |
| Parental socioeconomic status (n (%)) | ||||
| Least deprived | 22 (26.2) | 15 (22.7) | 32 (25.6) | 30 (31.3) |
| Moderately deprived | 29 (34.5) | 20 (30.3) | 70 (56.0) | 53 (55.2) |
| Most deprived | 33 (39.3) | 31 (47.0) | 23 (18.4) | 13 (13.5) |
| Maternal ethnicity (n (%) Pakistani origin) | 73 (86.9) | 55 (83.3) | – | – |
| Maternal ethnicity (n (%) white British) | – | – | 119 (95.2) | 89 (92.7) |
| Maternal pregnancy age (years) | 27.6 (7.3) | 30.6 (7.6) | 29.1 (10.3) | 28.8 (8.2) |
| Parity (n (%) primaparous) | 30 (35.7) | 21 (31.8) | 65 (52.0) | 60 (62.5) |
| Birth weight (g) | 3156±465 | 3066±552 | 3400±543 | 3358±563 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39.6±1.6 | 39.4±1.6 | 39.8±1.5 | 39.6±1.9 |
| Season (n (%) summer/autumn) | 71 (84.5) | 22 (33.3) | 108 (86.4) | 18 (18.8) |
| Unhealthy snacks (n/week) | 10 (10) | 17 (23) | 9 (8) | 11 (12) |
| Fruit and vegetables (portions/day) | 6±2 | 6±3 | 5±2 | 5±3 |
| Physical activity (hours/day) | – | 2.8±1.5 | – | 2.7 (2.0) |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 26.4 (6.3) | 27.2 (6.6) | 25.1 (8.0) | 25.8 (7.0) |
| Napping frequency (n (%)) | ||||
| Never | 0 (0) | 24 (36.4) | 4 (3.2) | 47 (49.0) |
| Occasionally | 7 (8.3) | 26 (39.4) | 20 (16.0) | 44 (45.8) |
| Everyday | 77 (91.7) | 16 (24.2) | 101 (80.8) | 5 (5.2) |
| Weighted daily average | ||||
| TV viewing (hours/day) | 1.0 (1.6) | 1.5 (1.7) | 0.6 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.1) |
| Time of last meal (pm) | 19:23±66 min | 19:20±59 min | 17:28±51 min | 17:32±43 min |
| Sleep onset (pm) | 21:36±69 min | 21:12±63 min | 19:50±50 min | 19:54±44 min |
| Sleep offset (am) | 08:21±63 min | 08:23±63 min | 07:11±47 min | 07:12±50 min |
| Sleep period (hours/night) | 10.8±1.0 | 11.2±0.8 | 11.4±0.8 | 11.3±0.7 |
| Sleep duration (hours/night) | 10.5±1.0 | 11.0±0.9 | 11.1±1.1 | 11.3±0.8 |
| Weekday to weekend difference | ||||
| TV viewing (hours/day) | −0.1±0.6 | 0.0±0.6 | 0.0±0.6 | 0.0±0.9 |
| Time of last meal (hours) | 0.2±0.7 | 0.2±0.7 | 0.1±0.8 | 0.2±0.7 |
| Sleep onset (hours) | 0.1±0.6 | 0.3±0.8 | 0.1±0.9 | 0.1±0.8 |
| Sleep offset (hours) | 0.2±0.9 | 0.3±0.8 | 0.3±0.8 | 0.2±0.9 |
| Sleep period (hours/night) | 0.1±1.0 | 0.0±0.8 | 0.2±1.2 | 0.1±1.0 |
| Sleep duration (hours/night) | 0.0±0.9 | −0.1±1.0 | 0.0±1.0 | 0.0±1.1 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 16.0±1.3 | 15.8±1.2 | 16.7±1.2 | 16.4±1.2 |
| BMI z-score | −0.8±1.1 | −0.2±1.0 | −0.2±0.9 | 0.3±0.8 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 44.9±2.8 | 49.2±3.1 | 46.3±3.0 | 50.1±3.1 |
| Sum of two-skinfolds (mm) | 17.1 (3.8) | 15.8 (3.4) | 17.4 (4.3) | 17.2 (4.8) |
Normally distributed continuous variables are described as mean±SD. Time of last meal, sleep onset and offset are described as clock times±SD in minutes. Non-normally distributed continuous variables are described as median (IQR). Positive weekday to weekend differences indicate more TV viewing or sleep at the weekend than on weekdays, or later clock times at the weekend. There were missing data: physical activity available for n=60 South Asian children at 36 months and n=89 white children at 36 months; time of last meal available for n=71 South Asian children at 18 months, n=59 South Asian children at 36 months, n=119 white children at 18 months, n=91 white children at 36 months; sleep duration available for n=63 South Asian children at 18 months, n=45 South Asian children at 36 months, n=108 white children at 18 months, n=90 white children at 36 months; waist circumference available for n=77 South Asian children at 18 months, n=60 South Asian children at 36 months, n=109 white children at 18 months, n=96 white children at 36 months; sum of two-skinfolds available for n=64 South Asian children at 18 months, n=38 South Asian children at 36 months, n=84 white children at 18 months, n=67 white children at 36 months.
BMI, body mass index.