Table 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics of the study population and children’s growth parameters, n = 1118.
| Overall (n = 1,118) |
Boys (n = 584) |
Girls (n = 534) |
P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Continuous variables | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
| Maternal age (years) | 30.9 (4.7) | 30.9 (4.5) | 30.9 (4.8) | 0.842 |
| Maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 (4.3) | 24.6 (4.2) | 24.7 (4.3) | 0.836 |
| Infant’s gestational age at birth (weeks) | 39.5 (1.7) | 39.4 (1.8) | 39.5 (1.5) | 0.310 |
| Growth parameters | Mean (SD), [Min–Max] |
Mean (SD), [Min–Max] |
Mean (SD), [Min–Max] |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight (kg) | 3.610 (0.543), [1.449–5.695] | 3.653 (0.558), [1.449–5.480] | 3.564 (0.523), [1.865–5.695] | 0.006 |
| Birthweight z-scores |
− 0.08 (1.03), [− 3.99, 4.48] |
− 0.13 (1.08), [− 3.99, 4.48] |
− 0.02 (0.98), [− 2.70, 3.49] |
0.061 |
| Infant growth spurt rate (kg/months) |
0.37 (0.17), [0.09–1.07] |
0.38 (0.18), [0.10–1.07] |
0.35 (0.17), [0.09–0.98] |
< 0.001 |
| Infant Age at PGV (months) |
3.42 (1.65), [0.09–8.85] |
3.22 (1.51), [0.13–8.25] |
3.63 (1.76), [0.09–8.85] |
< 0.001 |
| Categorical variables | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Education | ||||
| Primary school or high school | 402 (36.0) | 207 (35.4) | 195 (36.5) | |
| College or higher | 716 (64.0) | 377 (64.6) | 339 (63.5) | 0.756 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Non-smoker | 1,056 (94.5) | 554 (94.9) | 502 (94.0) | |
| Smoker | 62 (5.5) | 30 (5.1) | 32 (6.0) | 0.622 |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 544 (48.7) | 279 (47.8) | 265 (49.6) | |
| Multiparous | 574 (51.3) | 305 (52.2) | 269 (50.4) | 0.576 |
| Breastfeeding until 3 months | ||||
| No | 115 (12.3) | 59 (12.1) | 56 (12.6) | |
| Yes | 817 (87.7) | 430 (87.9) | 387 (87.4) | 0.867 |
PGV = Peak growth velocity.
*P-value from Student t-test for continuous variables and Chi-square test for categorical variables.