Table 2.

ALM calculation.

Language construct	Literature source for construct	ALM	Calculation method
Utterance length	Gorman et al. (2015)	MLUM	Mean length of utterance in morphemes in all complete, fluent, and intelligible c-units
Total words	Gorman et al. (2015)	NDWR	Total number of different word roots in all complete, fluent, and intelligible c-units
Uh versus um	Gorman et al. (2016)	Um Proportion	$\frac{\#\text{um}}{\#\text{um}+\#\text{uh}}$
Filler versus content mazes	MacFarlane et al. (2017)	Content Maze Proportion	$\frac{\#\text{content mazes}}{\#\text{content mazes}+\#\text{fillers}}$
Intelligibility	Abbeduto et al. (2020)	Unintelligible Proportion	$\frac{\#\text{c-units partially or fully unintelligible}}{\text{total}\#\text{c-units}}$
C-units Per Minute	Abbeduto et al. (2020)	CPM	$\frac{\#\text{attempted c-units}}{\text{length of task (minutes)}}$
Repetition of others	van Santen et al. (2013)	Repetition proportion	$\frac{\#\text{words}\ge 2\text{repeated from examiner}}{\text{total}\#\text{child words}}$