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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Drug Policy. 2020 Nov 28;92:103052. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103052

Table 1:

Bivariate factors associated with providing assisted injection in the last 6 months (N=601)

Characteristic Total N=601 (100%) Injection provider N=336 (56%) Non-provider N=265 (44%)
Socio-demographics
Gender
 Female 150 (25%) 90 (27%) 60 (23%)
 Male 440 (75%) 240 (73%) 200 (77%)
Race/ethnicity *
 White 239 (40%) 160 (48%) 79 (32%)
 Latinx 142 (24%) 60 (18%) 73 (28%)
 African American 133 (22%) 63 (19%) 79 (30%)
 Native American 42 (7%) 28 (8%) 14 (5%)
 Asian/Pacific Islander 6 (1%) 4 (1%) 2 (1%)
 Mixed 37 (6%) 20 (6%) 17 (6%)
Age *
 Less than 30 93 (16%) 71 (21%) 22 (8%)
 30–39 136 (24%) 99 (30%) 37 (14%)
 40–49 160 (27%) 83 (25%) 77 (29%)
 50 or more 210 (33%) 82 (25%) 128 (49%)
Gay, lesbian or bisexual * 115 (19%) 83 (25%) 33 (13%)
Heterosexual 479 (80%) 253 (75%) 232 (87%)
Homeless *Yes 451 (75%) 272 (81%) 179 (68%)
No 150 (25%) 62 (19%) 86 (32%)
Income source
 General Relief* 349 (58%) 214 (64%) 135 (51%)
 Panhandling* 142 (24%) 96 (29%) 46 (17%)
 Retirement/SSI 117 (20%) 51 (15%) 66 (25%)
 Illegal or possibly illegal income 263 (44%) 191 (57%) 72 (27%)
Monthly income*
 <$1400 473 (79%) 252 (75%) 221 (83%)
Years of injection use *
 <10 174 (29%) 108 (32%) 66 (25%)
 10–19 125 (21%) 83 (25%) 42 (16%)
 20 or more 298 (50%) 142 (43%) 156 (59%)
Injection frequency*
 None 67 (11%) 15 (5%) 52 (20%)
 Less than daily 160 (27%) 75 (22%) 85 (32%)
 Once or twice a day 142 (24%) 82 (24%) 60 (23%)
 Three or more times a day 232 (39%) 164 (49%) 68 (26%)
Drug Scene Involvement
 Took others to place to inject* 274 (47%) 215 (65%) 59 (23%)
 Operated shooting gallery* 62 (11%) 44 (13%) 18 (7%)
 Purchased syringes* 230 (39%) 168 (51%) 62 (24%)
 Sold syringes * 218 (37%) 158 (48%) 60 (23%)
 Bought drugs for others* 333 (56%) 227 (68%) 106 (41%)
 Sold drugs* 310 (53%) 219 (67%) 91 (35%)
Violence in the last 6 months
 Punched* 210 (35%) 148 (45%) 62 (24%)
 Attacked with weapon* 115 (19%) 85 (26%) 30 (11%)
 Stolen belongings* 423 (72%) 277 (84%) 146 (56%)
*

P<0.05