. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Drug Policy. 2020 Nov 28;92:103052. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.103052

Table 2a:

Selected bivariate factors associated with motivations for assisted injection (n=336).

	Prevent injury			Pestered
	Total	Yes	No	Yes	No
	N=336	N=235	N=101	N=154	N=182
	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)	% (n)
Who injected
Stranger	34% (115)	37% (88)	27% (27)	42% (64)	28% (81)^*
Acquaintance	69% (231)	73% (171)	59% (61)^*	77% (118)	62% (113)^*
Friend	79% (264)	81% (191)	72% (73)	78% (120)	79% (144)
Casual sex Partner	18% (59)	21% (50)	9% (9)^*	21% (32)	15% (27)
Steady sex partner	24% (80)	26% (61)	19% (19)	24% (37)	24% (43)
Where injected
Neck/Clavicle	64% (215)	70% (164)	51% (51)^*	75% (116)	54% (91)^*
Arm	88% (296)	89% (209)	86% (87)	87% (134)	89% (162)
Hand	38% (127)	42% (98)	29% (29)^*	47% (73)	30% (54)^*
Armpit	16% (52)	18% (42)	10% (10)	22% (34)	10% (18)^*
Stomach	4% (14)	5% (11)	3% (3)	5% (7)	4% (7)
Groin	8% (27)	10% (23)	4% (4)	12% (18)	5% (9)^*
Buttocks	5% (17)	5% (12)	5% (5)	3% (5)	7% (12)
Leg	24% (81)	27% (63)	18% (18)	29% (44)	20% (37)
Feet	11% (37)	12% (29)	8% (8)	14% (22)	8% (15)
Frequency
Daily or more	26% (86)	29% (69)	17% (17)^*	34% (52)	19% (34)^*
Motivations
Prevent injury	70% (235)	—		80% (123)	62% (112)^*
Pestered	46% (154)	52% (123)	31% (31)^*	—
Skilled	81% (272)	88% (207)	64% (65)^*	83% (128)	79% (144)
For Money	37% (124)	40% (90)	29% (29)^*	44% (68)	31% (56)^*
For Drugs	49% (164)	54% (126)	38% (38)^*	58% (89)	41% (75)^*
For Sex	5% (16)	6% (15)	1% (1)^*	7% (11)	3% (5)
For Shelter	6% (19)	7% (17)	2% (2)	8% (13)	3% (6)^*
For Food	10% (32)	11% (26)	6% (6)	12% (18)	8% (14)
For Ride	4% (12)	5% (11)	1% (1)	5% (8)	2% (4)
Sociodemographics
Female	27% (90)	28% (69)	26% (26)	32% (47)	24% (43)
Race/ethnicity
White	48% (160)	49% (114)	46% (46)	47% (73)	48% (87)
Latinx	18% (60)	18% (42)	18% (18)	21% (32)	16% (28)
Black	19% (63)	13% (30)	23% (23)	17% (26)	20% (37)
Native	8% (28)	9% (21)	8% (7)	10% (15)	7% (13)
A/PI	1% (4)	1% (2)	2% (2)	1% (2)	1% (2)
Mixed	6% (20)	7% (16)	4% (4)	4% (6)	8% (14)
Age
Less than 30	21% (71)	22% (51)	20% (20)	20% (31)	22% (40)
30–39	30% (99)	32% (76)	23% (23)	36% (55)	24% (44)
40–49	25% (83)	23% (54)	29% (29)	20% (31)	29% (52)
50 or more	24% (82)	23% (54)	28% (28)	24% (37)	25% (45)
Sexual orientation
Gay, lesbian, bisexual	25% (83)	27% (64)	19% (19)	23% (35)	27% (48)
Straight/Hetero	75% (252)	73% (171)	81% (81)	77% (119)	74% (133)
High school or more	74% (247)	72% (170)	77% (77)	71% (110)	76% (137)
Homeless	81% (272)	83% (195)	77% (77)	85% (131)	76% (141)
Income source
General relief	64% (214)	63% (148)	65% (66)	61% (94)	66% (120)
Retirement/SSI	15% (51)	15% (34)	17% (17)	12% (19)	18% (32)
Recycling	22% (75)	19% (45)	30% (30)^*	21% (32)	24% (43)
Panhandling	29% (96)	31% (73)	23% (23)	32% (49)	26% (47)
Illegal	57% (191)	59% (139)	52% (52)	62% (96)	52% (95)
Drug use
Injection frequency
None	5% (15)	4% (10)	5% (5)	3% (5)	6% (10)
Less than daily	22% (75)	23% (54)	21% (21)	20% (30)	25% (45)
1–2 times a day	24% (82)	24% (56)	26% (26)	26% (40)	23% (42)
3 or more times	49% (164)	49% (115)	49% (49)	51% (79)	47% (85)
Injected drugs, 30 d
Speedball	33% (111)	35% (83)	28% (28)	38% (58)	29% (53)
Goofball	55% (186)	58% (137)	49% (49)	65% (100)	47% (86)^*
Cocaine	13% (44)	15% (34)	10% (10)	18% (27)	9% (17)^*
Methamphetamine	56% (188)	57% (134)	54% (54)	55% (85)	57% (103)
Heroin	79% (265)	81% (190)	74% (75)	84% (129)	75% (136)^*
Rx Opioid	10% (32)	11% (26)	6% (6)	12% (19)	7% (13)
Non-injected, 30 d
Speedball	6% (21)	7% (17)	4% (4)	10% (16)	3% (5)^*
Goofball	6% (21)	7% (17)	4% (4)	9% (14)	4% (7)^*
Crack cocaine	36% (122)	34% (80)	42% (42)	33% (51)	39% (71)
Cocaine	11% (37)	12% (27)	10% (10)	11% (17)	11% (20)
Methamphetamine	48% (162)	52% (122)	40% (40)^*	46% (71)	50% (91)
Heroin	25% (83)	27% (63)	20% (20)	25% (38)	25% (45)
Rx Opioid	19% (63)	19% (45)	18% (18)	21% (32)	17% (31)
Heroin use frequency, 30 days
0	13% (45)	12% (28)	17% (17)	9% (14)	17% (31)
1–29	19% (65)	20% (47)	18% (18)	19% (30)	19% (35)
30–89	23% (77)	23% (53)	24% (24)	23% (35)	23% (42)
90 or more	44% (149)	45% (107)	42% (42)	49% (75)	41% (74)
Methamphetamine use frequency, 30 d
0	21% (69)	18% (42)	27% (27)	17% (27)	23% (42)
1–29	31% (104)	31% (73)	31% (31)	32% (49)	30% (55)
30–89	29% (97)	28% (30)	30% (30)	27% (41)	31% (56)
90 or more	19% (66)	23% (53)	13% (13)	24% (37)	16% (29)
Cocaine use frequency, 30 d
0	43% (143)	42% (98)	44% (45)	41% (64)	43% (79)
1–29	36% (123)	38% (89)	34% (34)	36% (55)	37% (68)
30–89	11% (36)	11% (25)	11% (11)	13% (20)	9% (16)
90 or more	10% (34)	10% (23)	11% (11)	10% (15)	10% (19)
Drug Scene Involvement
Took inject place	65% (215)	66% (154)	60% (61)	71% (108)	59% (107)^*
Shooting gallery	13% (44)	13% (30)	14% (14)	16% (24)	11% (20)
Purchased syringes	51% (168)	52% (120)	48% (48)	58% (87)	45% (81)^*
Sold syringes	48% (158)	47% (108)	50% (50)	57% (86)	40% (72)^*
Bought drugs	68% (227)	68% (157)	69% (70)	76% (114)	62% (113)^*
Sold drugs	67% (219)	70% (160)	60% (59)	72% (108)	62% (111)
Other domains
Any PTSD diagnosis Yes	29% (97)	30% (71)	26% (26)	31% (48)	27% (49)
Violence in the last 6 months
Punched	45% (148)	47% (109)	39% (39)	47% (71)	43% (77)
Weapon attack	26% (85)	29% (66)	19% (19)	28% (42)	24% (43)
Rape	4% (14)	5% (11)	3% (3)	5% (7)	4% (7)
Stolen from	84% (277)	85% (197)	80% (80)	87% (130)	81% (147)
Police contact	66% (217)	69% (160)	57% (57)^*	72% (108)	61% (109)^*
Police arrest	38% (124)	39% (89)	36% (35)	43% (65)	33% (59)^*
Security contact	45% (148)	48% (110)	38% (38)	53% (80)	38% (68)^*
Assignment condition
Experimental
Yes	48% (161)	51% (119)	42% (42)	43% (66)	53% (95)

p<0.05