Table 2.
Results for clinical outcome measures.
| Variable | N | Intervention group | N | Control group | Main effect of time (p) | Main effect of group (p) | Group × time interaction (p) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean + SD (95% CI) | Mean + SD (95% CI) | ||||||
| Back pain intensity/10 | |||||||
| Baseline | 35 | 5.4 ± 3.0 (4.3 to 6.4) | 33 | 5.6 ± 2.7 (4.6 to 6.5) | 0.09 | 0.69 | 0.91 |
| Post-intervention | 29 | 4.5 ± 2.2 (3.6 to 5.3) | 26 | 5.0 ± 2.7 (3.9 to 6.1) | |||
| Post-surgery | 32 | 2.1 ± 2.2 (1.3 to 2.9) | 21 | 2.8 ± 2.7 (1.5 to 3.9) | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0.90 |
| 3 months | 24 | 1.6 ± 1.7 (0.9 to 2.3) | 23 | 2.6 ± 2.4 (1.5 to 3.6) | |||
| 6 months | 24 | 2.4 ± 2.6 (1.3 to 3.5) | 19 | 3.7 ± 2.6 (2.4 to 4.9) | |||
| Leg pain intensity/10 | |||||||
| Baseline | 35 | 7.4 ± 1.9 (6.8 to 8.1) | 33 | 6.7 ± 2.4 (5.9 to7.6) | 0.001 | 0.76 | 0.03 |
| Post-intervention | 29 | 5.5 ± 2.3 (4.6 to 6.4) | 26 | 6.5 ± 2.4 (5.5 to 7.4) | |||
| Post-surgery | 32 | 2.3 ± 3.3 (1.1 to 3.5) | 21 | 1.9 ± 2.9 (0.6 to 3.2) | 0.11 | 0.99 | 0.30 |
| 3 months | 24 | 2.9 ± 3.1 (1.6 to 4.3) | 23 | 2.2 ± 2.3 (1.2 to 3.2) | |||
| 6 months | 24 | 2.4 ± 2.8 (1.2 to 3.6) | 19 | 3.1 ± 2.5 (1.8 to 4.3) | |||
| LSS disability/55 or 79* | |||||||
| Baseline | 15 | 39.5 ± 4.3 (36.6 to 42.4) | 13 | 38.0 ± 4.2 (35.5 to 40.6) | 0.005 | 0.47 | 0.04 |
| Post-intervention | 9 | 35.0 ± 7.9 (28.9 to 41.0) | 8 | 37.5 ± 6.5 (32.1 to 42.9) | |||
| Post-surgery* | 13 | 29.6 ± 8.5 (24.5 to 34.7) | 6 | 28.5 ± 10.6 (17.4 to 39.6) | 0.27 | 0.72 | 0.83 |
| 3 months* | 8 | 37.9 ± 10.2 (29.3 to 46.4) | 6 | 39.2 ± 14.4 (24.0 to 54.3) | |||
| 6 months* | 9 | 30.5 ± 10.1 (22.7 to 38.4) | 3 | 45.0 ± 21.6 (8.8 to 78.8) | |||
| Back disability/100 | |||||||
| Baseline | 35 | 37.2 ± 16.5 (32.5 to 42.9) | 33 | 37.5 ± 11.9 (33.2 to 41.7) | 0.95 | 0.29 | 0.12 |
| Post-intervention | 29 | 35.3 ± 17.4 (28.7 to 41.9) | 26 | 39.5 ± 14.9 (33.5 to 45.5) | |||
| Post-surgery | 32 | 16.5 ± 15.0 (11.0 to 22.0) | 21 | 14.3 ± 15.8 (7.1 to 21.5) | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.003 |
| 3 months | 24 | 15.8 ± 13.6 (10.1 to 21.6) | 23 | 22.0 ± 13.9 (15.9 to 28.0) | |||
| 6 months | 24 | 12.7 ± 16.0 (6.1 to 19.4) | 19 | 24.3 ± 14.3 (17.6 to 31.0) | |||
| Kinesiophobia/68 | |||||||
| Baseline | 35 | 47.5 ± 8.1 (44.7 to 50.3) | 33 | 45.2 ± 7.7 (42.5 to 47.9) | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.02ǂ |
| Post-intervention | 29 | 44.2 ± 7.7 (41.3 to 47.1) | 26 | 47.6 ± 8.0 (44.4 to 50.8) | |||
| Post-surgery | 32 | 38.2 ± 8.9 (35.0 to 41.4) | 21 | 38.9 ± 9.3 (34.7 to 43.2) | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.78 |
| 3 months | 24 | 37.9 ± 7.8 (34.7 to 41.1) | 23 | 41.3 ± 7.3 (38.1 to 44.5) | |||
| 6 months | 24 | 37.6 ± 7.6 (34.5 to 40.7) | 19 | 40.4 ± 10.7 (35.5 to 45.3) | |||
| Depression/63 | |||||||
| Baseline | 35 | 4.4 ± 5.1 (2.7 to 6.2) | 33 | 4.7 ± 4.2 (3.2 to 6.2) | 0.42 | 0.28 | 0.97 |
| Post-intervention | 29 | 4.3 ± 5.3 (2.3 to 6.3) | 26 | 5.3 ± 5.2 (3.2 to 7.3) | |||
| Post-surgery | 32 | 2.0 ± 3.4 (0.8 to 3.3) | 21 | 1.8 ± 3.1 (0.4 to 3.3) | 0.009 | 0.87 | 0.87 |
| 3 months | 24 | 2.7 ± 3.5 (1.3 to 4.2) | 23 | 3.9 ± 4.6 (1.9 to 5.9) | |||
| 6 months | 24 | 1.7 ± 2.0 (0.8 to 2.5) | 19 | 3.4 ± 3.3 (1.9 to 4.9) | |||
SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval.
*LSS-related disability measured using the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire—maximum score at baseline and post-intervention assessments is 55 (includes symptoms and function subscales) and maximum score at postoperative, 3-month and 6-month assessments is 79 (includes symptoms, function and satisfaction subscales).
ǂThe Group × Time interaction term was statistically significant but post-hoc analysis using Bonferroni test revealed no significant within or between group differences.
Bold indicate a significant intra-group change from baseline (for analyses conducted between baseline and post-intervention assessments) or intra-group change from post-surgery (for analyses conducted between post-surgery and follow-ups assessments).