Table 3.

Results for physical outcome measures.

Variable	N	Intervention group	N	Control group	Main effect of time (p)	Main effect of group (p)	Group × time interaction (p)
		Mean + SD (95% CI)		Mean + SD (95% CI)
Trunk muscles strength N m
Flexion
Baseline	35	46.8 ± 23.4 (38.7 to 54.9)	33	44.1 ± 28.1 (33.7 to 54.3)	0.02	0.16	0.03
Post-intervention	29	53.2 ± 24.8 (43.4 to 63.1)	26	42.1 ± 26.1 (30.5 to 53.7)
Post-surgery	32	54.4 ± 28.5 (43.1 to 65.7)	21	50.1 ± 27.8 (37.9 to 63.9)	0.32
Extension
Baseline	35	32.8 ± 29.2 (22.8 to 42.9)	33	26.7 ± 26.3 (17.2 to 36.2)	0.004	0.21	0.51
Post-intervention	29	57.0 ± 61.0 (32.4 to 81.6)	26	26.3 ± 26.7 (14.1 to 38.5)
Post-surgery	32	46.4 ± 41.3 (29.8 to 63.1)	21	48.5 ± 40.0 (29.2 to 67.8)	0.85
Lumbar active ROMs (degrees)
Flexion
Baseline	35	66. 0 ± 25.2 (56.9 to 75.1)	33	67.2 ± 20.9 (59.1 to 75.3)	0.69	0.72	0.15
Post-intervention	29	68.6 ± 27.2 (57.6 to 79.6)	26	62.3 ± 25.8 (50.6 to 74.0)
Post-surgery	32	68.8 ± 17.6 (61.9 to 75.8)	21	72.9 ± 19.4 (63.6 to 82.3)	0.45
Extension
Baseline	35	14.4 ± 7.1 (11.7 to 17.2)	33	14.4 ± 5.5 (12.0 to 16.8)	0.28	0.10	0.05
Post-intervention	29	16.8 ± 6.9 (13.9 to 19.7)	26	12.7 ± 7.1 (9.4 to 15.9)
Post-surgery	32	17.7 ± 6.7 (15.1 to 20.4)	21	15.2 ± 5.9 (12.4 to 18.0)	0.15
Left lateral flexion
Baseline	35	13.0 ± 7.3 (10.4 to 15.7)	33	12.1 ± 6.2 (9.7 to 14.5)	0.97	0.30	0.37
Post-intervention	29	14.1 ± 8.8 (10.6 to 17.6)	26	10.6 ± 5.3 (8.2 to 13.0)
Post-surgery	32	13.5 ± 5.7 (11.3 to 15.8)	21	12.8 ± 5.4 (10.2 to 15.4)	0.63
Right lateral flexion
Baseline	35	13.8 ± 7.9 (10.9 to 16.7)	33	13.8 ± 6.8 (11.1 to 16.4)	0.26	0.65	0.29
Post-intervention	29	13.2 ± 8.2 (9.9 to 16.4)	26	11.2 ± 5.5 (8.7 to 13.7)
Post-surgery	32	14.4 ± 6.6 (11.8 to 17.1)	21	15.3 ± 7.9 (11.5 to 19.1)	0.75
Right knee extensors strength—lbs
Baseline	35	62.2 ± 31.7 (51.3 to 73.1)	33	60.5 ± 28.7 (50.6 to 70.9)	0.45	0.20	0.54
Post-intervention	29	65.6 ± 29.9 (53.5 to 77.7)	26	54.2 ± 31.5 (41.2 to 67.2)
Post-surgery	32	75.7 ± 37.6 (61.7 to 89.8)	21	62.4 ± 28.3 (49.5 to 75.3)	0.49
Left knee extensors strength—lbs
Baseline	35	72.6 ± 27.3 (55.3 to 89.9)	33	75.6 ± 26.9 (60.1 to 91.2)	0.45	0.54	0.20
Post-intervention	29	75.4 ± 26.2 (55.3 to 95.5)	26	69.3 ± 31.9 (46.5 to 92.1)
Post-surgery	32	87.5 ± 24.4 (72.8 to 102.3)	21	80.7 ± 27.4 (55.3 to 106.0)	0.30
Lumbar extensors endurance—s
Baseline	32	45.2 ± 59.9 (23.6 to 66.8)	30	38.8 ± 49.2 (20.4 to 57.1)	0.61	0.14	0.002
Post-intervention	27	65.7 ± 65.6 (39.8 to 91.7)*	23	17.9 ± 35.8 (2.4 to 33.4)*
Post-surgery	30	69.5 ± 59.2 (47.4 to 91.6)	21	57.3 ± 60.5 (29.8 to 84.8)	0.88
Walking capacities—s
Time to 1st symptoms
Baseline	35	116.8 ± 87.4 (86.8 to 146.8)	33	97.4 ± 93.4 (63.1 to 131.7)	0.44	0.01	0.08
Post-intervention	29	158.8 ± 102.4 (119.8 to 197.7)	25	79.4 ± 87.4 (43.3 to 115.4)
Post-surgery	30	223.1 ± 106.5 (182.6 to 263.6)	21	199.6 ± 122.8 (143.7 to 255.5)	0.39
Total ambulation time
Baseline	35	196.8 ± 94.0 (163.9 to 229.6)	33	190.1 ± 139.1 (139.9 to 240.2)	0.81	0.03	0.02
Post-intervention	29	231.7 ± 92.2 (195.9 to 267.5)*	25	146.3 ± 104.7 (103.1 to 189.5)*
Post-surgery	30	262.2 ± 78.5 (232.3 to 292.0)	21	262.0 ± 78.1 (226.5 to 297.6)	0.85
Get up and go—s
Baseline	15	8.8 ± 1.7 (7.7 to 9.9)	13	10.2 ± 4.1 (7.7 to 12.7)	0.007	0.15	0.12
Post-intervention	9	7.5 ± 1.9 (6.0 to 8.9)	8	9.7 ± 2.6 (7.7 to 11.7)
Post-surgery	13	6.7 ± 1.3 (5.9 to 7.5)	6	8.0 ± 2.7 (5.2 to 10.9)	0.09
Sit to stand—repetitions
Baseline	15	9.7 ± 3.8 (7.2 to 12.1)	13	9.1 ± 2.7 (7.4 to 10.7)	0.001	0.14	0.01
Post-intervention	9	12.1 ± 3.6 (9.4 to 14.9)	8	8.4 ± 2.2 (6.8 to 10.1)
Post-surgery	13	11.8 ± 2.2 (10.4 to 13.1)	6	12.0 ± 2.1 (9.8 to 14.2)	0.89

SD standard deviation, CI confidence interval, ROM ranges of motion.

Bold indicate a significant intra-group change from baseline.

*Denotes a significant between group difference.