Table 3.
Surgical results and postoperative complications.
| Variables | da Vinci S (n = 20) | da Vinci Si (n = 30) | da Vinci Xi (n = 98) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surgical results | ||||
| Operative procedure, DG (%)/TG/PG | 14 (70.0)/5 (25.0)/1 (5.0) | 19 (63.3)/9 (30.0)/2 (6.7) | 59 (60.2)/30 (30.6)/9 (9.2) | 0.925 |
| Lymph node dissectiona, D1 (%)/D1 + /D2/D2 + PAND | 0 (0)/16 (80.0)/4 (20.0)/0 (0) | 0 (0)/16 (53.3) /14 (46.7)/0 (0) | 2 (2.0)/44 (44.9)/51 (52.0)/1 (1.0) | 0.163 |
| Reconstruction, BI (%)/BII/RY/EG/DT | 8 (40.0)/5 (25.0)/6 (30.0)/1 (5.0)/0 (0) | 11 (36.7)/6 (20.0)/11 (36.7)/1 (3.3)/1 (3.3) | 31 (31.6)/9 (9.2)/49 (50.0)/2 (2.0)/7 (7.1) | 0.329 |
|
Combined resection, yes (%) Gall bladder/Spleen/Pancreas /Colon/Intestine/Renal (Partial) |
0 (0) 0/0/0/0/0/0 |
1 (3.3) 1/0/0/0/0/0 |
19 (19.4) 9/7/3/1/0/1 |
0.013 |
| Blood loss, ml, median (range) | 35 (20–348) | 25 (10–475) | 25 (5–2540) | 0.830 (S vs. Si) |
| 0.707 (Si vs. Xi) | ||||
| 0.556 (Xi vs. S) | ||||
| Intraoperative transfusion, yes (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (1.0) | 0.538 |
| No. of retrieved lymph nodes, median (range) | 36 (21–84) | 35 (10–81) | 30 (10–103) | 0.856 (S vs. Si) |
| 0.247 (Si vs. Xi) | ||||
| 0.154 (Xi vs. S) | ||||
| R classification R0a (%) | 20 (100) | 29 (96.7) | 96 (98.0) | 0.715 |
| Postoperative complications | ||||
| Overall complicationb, ≥ grade II (%) | 2 (10.0) | 4 (13.3) | 8 (8.2) | 0.696 |
| Overall complication, ≥ grade IIIa (%) | 1 (5.0) | 4 (13.3) | 6 (6.1) | 0.380 |
| Reoperation, grade IIIb (%) | 0 (0) | 1c (3.3) | 1d (1.0) | 0.538 |
| Mortality (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Surgical complications | ||||
| Anastomotic leakage, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | 2 (2.0) | 0.285 |
| Pancreatic fistula, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Intra-abdominal abscess, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) | 0.458 |
| Intra-abdominal bleeding, ≥ grade II (%) | 2 (10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.002 |
| Intra-luminal bleeding, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.773 |
| Ileus, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 0.093 |
| Cholecystitis, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Stenosis, ≥ grade IIIa (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Wound infection, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.773 |
| Medical complications | ||||
| Pneumonia, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.773 |
| Cardiovascular system, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Liver system, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Urinary system, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
| Thrombosis, ≥ grade II (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
DG distal gastrectomy; TG total gastrectomy; PG proximal gastrectomy; PAND para-aortic nodal dissection; BI Billroth-I reconstruction; BII Billroth-II reconstruction; RY Roux-en-Y reconstruction; EG esophago-gastrostomy; DT double-tract reconstruction.
aJapanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma.
bSurgical complications were classified into five categories according to the Clavien–Dindo classification.
cLaparoscopic surgery to repair the adhesive intestinal obstruction.
dLaparoscopic resection of anastomotic ulcer for delayed anastomotic ulcer.