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. 2021 May 26;11:10980. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90571-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Two-step in situ photografting process. A microchannel mold with angled sidewalls formed via DLW is used to pattern microchannels in a COP substrate by hot embossing. The COP substrate is bonded with a thin COP film to enclose the fluidic path. Surface initiators are immobilized on the COP microchannel surface by filling the channel with BP solution, followed by UV flood exposure to promote the conversion of BP molecules into surface-bound photoinitiators (step 1). The channel is then filled with photoresist prior to direct laser writing. When the path of the DLW laser used to pattern integrated 3D microstructures coincides with the COP surface, the immobilized surface initiators are locally activated, resulting in immediate reactions with the photoresist polymer undergoing bulk polymerization (step 2). The final DLW microstructure is covalently attached to the COP surface.