Table 3.

Dispersal parameter estimates (with their 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) obtained for L. helle butterflies with the Virtual Migration model in 2019. Following the outcome of the Cormack-Jolly-Seber models, no inter-sexual difference in mortality in habitat patches, and consequently also in average adult life-span, was assumed (see the Methods section for details).

Parameter	Females		Males
	Spring generation	Summer generation	Spring generation	Summer generation
Mortality in habitat patches (μ)	0.1915 (0.1558–0.2308)	0.1873 (0.1734–0.2016)	0.1915 (0.1558–0.2308)	0.1873 (0.1734–0.2016)
Emigration propensity (η)	0.0567 (0.0249–0.1083)	0.3155 (0.2686–0.3686)	0.1559 (0.0847–0.2512)	0.0662 (0.0507–0.0849)
Emigration scaling with natal patch area (ξem)	− 0.1262 (–0.8078–0)	− 0.0976 (‒0.2238–0)	0 (− 0.4029–0)	− 0.2456 (− 0.4748–0)
Immigration scaling with target patch area (ζim)	0.4031 (0–1.4788)	0.0524 (0–0.2370)	0 (0.–0.3273)	0 (0–0.2957)
Dispersal mortality scaling with natal patch connectivity (λ)	0 (0–3.935)	0 (0–0.4269)	0.9257 (0–1.7914)	0.4022 (0–0.7585)
Distance dependence of dispersal (α)	1.3115 (0–4.4841)	1.3295 (0.7699–1.9699)	3.1180 (0–4.6790)	2.8402 (1.9248–3.5694)
Mean dispersal distance (1/α) [m]	762 (223–∞)	752 (508–1299)	321 (214–∞)	352 (280–520)
Average life-span (1/μ‒0.5) [days]	4.72 (3.83–5.92)	4.84 (4.46–5.27)	4.72 (3.83–5.92)	4.84 (4.46–5.27)