Table 4. Nutrient intakes by snack type, sleep hour and eating place.
| Classification | Snack type1)4) | t-value | Sleep hours2)3)4) | F-value | Eating place2)5) | F-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heathy snack group (n = 21, 20.5%) | HCLN snack group (n = 88, 79.5%) | Sleep-deprived group (n = 58, 25.2%) | Sleep-moderate group (n = 88, 38.3%) | Sleep-recommended group (n = 84, 36.5%) | Home (n = 309, 50.4%) | School (n = 232, 37.8%) | Convenience store (n = 18, 2.9%) | Others (n = 54, 8.8%) | ||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1,951.9 ± 636.8 | 2,118.2 ± 728.2 | −1.000 | 1,842.6 ± 683.0 | 1,817.9 ± 674.4 | 1,832.7 ± 713.2 | 0.024 | 563.3 ± 402.6a6) | 726.3 ± 246.0ab | 610.2 ± 254.5a | 823.8 ± 494.7b | 13.884* |
| Carbohydrate (g) | 248.4 ± 68.3 | 273.8 ± 91.9 | −1.236 | 246.9 ± 91.3 | 235.2 ± 87.6 | 237.9 ± 87.7 | 0.320 | 73.5 ± 42.0a | 87.3 ± 30.3b | 91.6 ± 36.9b | 108.0 ± 56.3c | 14.337* |
| Lipid (g) | 70.5 ± 36.5 | 76.4 ± 36.3 | −0.635 | 63.0 ± 34.2 | 63.9 ± 33.3 | 65.0 ± 37.4 | 0.062 | 19.7 ± 26.1a | 26.0 ± 11.4ab | 21.3 ± 11.3a | 31.2 ± 34.3b | 6.098* |
| Protein (g) | 75.7 ± 26.1 | 80.0 ± 31.1 | −0.616 | 69.2 ± 28.4 | 71.7 ± 27.4 | 76.3 ± 43.1 | 0.812 | 21.5 ± 19.6a | 34.5 ± 18.4b | 15.9 ± 9.4a | 30.3 ± 24.1b | 22.349* |
| Vitamin A (μg RAE) | 644.3 ± 317.7 | 603.1 ± 305.8 | 0.571 | 511.3 ± 265.4 | 596.9 ± 293.6 | 589.1 ± 326.6 | 1.630 | 156.5 ± 160.4a | 274.6 ± 156.3c | 224.3 ± 165.9b | 205.1 ± 181.0b | 23.871* |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.7 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.613 | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 0.052 | 0.4 ± 0.3a | 0.7 ± 0.4c | 0.4 ± 0.2a | 0.5 ± 0.4b | 29.101* |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | −0.915 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 0.160 | 0.4 ± 0.3a | 0.5 ± 0.2ab | 0.4 ± 0.2a | 0.4 ± 0.3a | 11.377* |
| Niacin (mg) | 14.2 ± 7.2 | 14.9 ± 6.4 | −0.486 | 13.5 ± 6.2 | 14.1 ± 8.0 | 14.2 ± 7.1 | 0.141 | 3.8 ± 3.5a | 6.9 ± 2.9b | 2.7 ± 3.4a | 6.5 ± 6.8b | 35.606* |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 45.4 ± 35.4 | 45.0 ± 32.9 | 0.053 | 50.0 ± 39.0b | 38.2 ± 28.9a | 32.8 ± 24.3a | 5.601* | 13.2 ± 17.6b | 14.9 ± 10.7b | 2.8 ± 4.2a | 15.5 ± 16.9b | 4.038* |
| Iron (mg) | 12.4 ± 5.3 | 11.9 ± 4.1 | 0.557 | 11.0 ± 3.4 | 11.5 ± 4.9 | 11.4 ± 4.4 | 0.222 | 3.1 ± 2.2a | 5.2 ± 2.4c | 2.3 ± 2.1a | 4.2 ± 2.2b | 43.578* |
| Folic acid (μg) | 342.1 ± 198.5 | 338.3 ± 184.6 | 0.086 | 302.6 ± 146.3 | 309.4 ± 166.3 | 310.4 ± 167.4 | 0.450 | 95.5 ± 76.6a | 138.1 ± 76.1b | 68.4 ± 51.8a | 113.2 ± 82.7b | 15.790* |
| Calcium (mg) | 467.8 ± 351.7 | 430.9 ± 232.5 | 0.606 | 360.4 ± 226.9 | 384.0 ± 241.5 | 370.4 ± 234.0 | 0.184 | 117.1 ± 106.2 | 122.1 ± 75.2 | 127.7 ± 169.1 | 146.0 ± 154.7 | 1.219 |
Values are presented as mean ± SD.
HCLN, high-calorie·low-nutrition.
1)Data from 109 samples who consumed healthy snack or HCLN snack; 2)Excluded 7 samples including whose energy intake are either less than 500 kcal, or more than 4,000 kcal, n = 230; 3)Sleep-deprived group: less than 7 h ; Sleep-moderate group: 7 h to less than 8 h; Sleep-recommended group: more than 8 h; 4)Nutrient analysis for one day (3 meals); 5)It belongs to the nutrient intake analysis for one meal; The total frequency for eating places is 613 due to the multiple choice question. 6)Different superscript letters are statistically different at P < 0.05 by least significance difference test.
*P < 0.05.