Table 1.
Characteristics of participants.
| Males (n = 3,875) | Females (n = 4,414) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 58.1 (57.9–58.4) | 55.4 (55.1–55.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.7 (23.6–23.8) | 24.6 (24.4–24.7) | <0.001 |
| High school education or higher (%) | 54.6 (53.1–56.1) | 50.3 (48.8–51.9) | <0.001 |
| Currently married (%) | 93.0 (92.2–93.7) | 90.2 (89.2–91.1) | <0.001 |
| Smoking (%) | 54.3 (52.8–55.7) | 4.9 (4.2–5.6) | <0.001 |
| Drinking (%) | |||
| None | 40.3 (38.8–41.7) | 90.1 (89.2–91) | <0.001 |
| Current | 11.5 (10.6–12.5) | 2.5 (2.1–3.1) | |
| Former | 48.2 (46.8–49.7) | 7.4 (6.6–8.2) | |
| Exercise (%) | 29.7 (28.3–31) | 29.5 (28.1–30.9) | 0.895 |
| Family’s financial situation (%) | |||
| Better off | 8.7 (7.9–9.6) | 12.5 (11.5–13.6) | <0.001 |
| Same as | 54.4 (53.0–55.9) | 55.6 (54.0–57.1) | |
| Worse off | 36.8 (35.5–38.3) | 31.9 (30.5–33.4) | |
| Living in rural area (%) | 82.8 (81.6–83.8) | 82.0 (80.8–83.2) | 0.373 |
| Depression symptom score* | 8.6 (8.5–8.7) | 9.8 (9.7–10.0) | <0.001 |
| Childhood neighborhood quality score | 8.8 (8.8–8.9) | 9.0 (9.0–9.1) | <0.001 |
| Cognitive function score | 14.8 (14.7–14.9) | 14.5 (14.4–14.6) | <0.001 |
*Measured by the 10-item Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale.