Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical features from the study groups.
| PD-NC (n = 41) | PD-FS (n = 16) | PD-PC (n = 25) | PD-MS (n = 32) | PFDR-value | Post hoc test | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 63.27 (8.28) | 65.32 (9.48) | 64.64 (8.07) | 66.50 (7.78) | 0.278 | NA |
| Sex (men/women ratio) | 4.13 | 15.00 | 1.50 | 1.13 | 0.022* | PD-FS ≠ PD-MS |
| Formal education duration (years) | 13.56 (4.01) | 14.81 (3.53) | 11.80 (2.75) | 10.25 (2.58) | <0.001* | PD-NC > PD-MS; PD-FS > PD-MS |
| Center, Lille/Maastricht (%) | 12 (29.27)/29 (70.73) | 5 (31.25)/11 (68.75) | 16 (64.00)/9 (36.00) | 22 (68.75)/10 (31.25) | 0.011* | PD-NC ≠ PD-PC; PD-NC ≠ PD-MS |
| Clinical characteristics | ||||||
| Disease duration (years) | 9.05 (7.15) | 8.44 (7.06) | 8.04 (4.49) | 8.06 (4.32) | 0.607 | NA |
| Age at onset (years) | 54.15 (10.94) | 56.94 (7.72) | 56.72 (8.10) | 58.47 (7.37) | 0.147 | NA |
| Side of onset (left/right/bilateral/undefined) | 12/20/8/1 | 6/8/1/1 | 10/12/2/1 | 18/13/1/0 | 0.455 | NA |
| MDS-UPDRS3 score (/132) | 26.83 (12.13) | 31.88 (15.50) | 29.16 (11.01) | 29.84 (14.14) | 0.588 | NA |
| Hoehn and Yahr stage | 1.96 (0.41) | 2.28 (0.77) | 2.04 (0.54) | 2.28 (0.67) | 0.145 | NA |
| REM sleep behavior disorder (%) | 10 (24.39) | 8 (50.00) | 8 (32.00) | 10 (31.25) | 0.551 | NA |
| MDS-UPDRS 1.2—hallucinations (%) | 2 (4.88) | 2 (12.50) | 3 (12.00) | 5 (15.63) | 0.638 | NA |
| Vascular risk factors | ||||||
| High blood pressure (%) | 7 (17.07) | 7 (43.75) | 8 (32.00) | 7 (21.88) | 0.344 | NA |
| Diabetes (%) | 4 (9.76) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (8.00) | 3 (9.38) | 0.786 | NA |
| Hypercholesterolemia (%) | 8 (19.51) | 1 (6.25) | 8 (32.00) | 9 (28.13) | 0.413 | NA |
| Lower limb arteriopathy (%) | 2 (4.88) | 0 (0.00) | 3 (12.00) | 1 (3.13) | 0.579 | NA |
| Stroke history (%) | 4 (9.76) | 0 (0.00) | 2 (8.00) | 2 (6.25) | 0.790 | NA |
| Sleep apnea syndrome (%) | 8 (19.51) | 3 (18.75) | 4 (16.00) | 3 (9.38) | 0.723 | NA |
| Medication | ||||||
| LEDD (mg/day) | 771.56 (642.11) | 743.62 (535.19) | 811.56 (570.48) | 844.36 (488.42) | 0.692 | NA |
| Antipsychotic (%) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (3.13) | 0.764 | NA |
| Antidepressant (%) | 6 (14.63) | 3 (18.75) | 2 (8.00) | 6 (18.75) | 0.747 | NA |
| Benzodiazepine (%) | 2 (4.88) | 0 (0.00) | 1 (4.00) | 9 (28.13) | 0.021* | PD-NC ≠ PD-MS |
| Neuropsychiatric | ||||||
| Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (/52) | 4.88 (4.27) | 5.00 (2.92) | 7.04 (5.65) | 6.25 (4.52) | 0.243 | NA |
| Lille Apathy Rating Scale (/36) | −26.98 (6.58) | −26.06 (5.27) | −25.88 (6.73) | −23.00 (6.65) | 0.054 | NA |
| Parkinson Anxiety Scale (/48) | 4.19 (5.30) | 7.94 (4.96) | 8.44 (6.81) | 8.41 (7.02) | 0.019* | NS |
Results are considered significant at *pFDR < 0.05. PD-NC, Parkinson’s disease—normal cognition; PD-FS, Parkinson’s disease—frontostriatal subtype; PD-PC, Parkinson’s disease—posterior cortical subtype; PD-MS, Parkinson’s disease—mixed subtype; MDS_UPDRS3, Movement Disorders Society sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale—Part III (severity of motor symptoms); MDS_UPDRS 1.2, Movement Disorders Society sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale—Part I item 2 (presence of hallucinations); LEDD, levodopa equivalent daily dose; NA, not applicable; NS, not significant; FDR, false discovery rate.