| magnetic field |
direct assembly |
nickel grid as a template and PDMS as medium |
superpara-
and diamagnetic particles (nonmagnetic particles
possible), spheres, 800 nm to 3.2 μm |
several micrometers (template-dependent) |
1 cm2
|
(93) |
| ferrofluid-assisted |
polyurethane pattern as a template
and magnetized ferrofluids
as a medium |
nonmagnetic particles, spheres, microbeads (1–10 μm) |
several tens of μm (template-dependent) |
template-dependent |
(94) |
| interference |
PDMS-containing magnetic/nonmagnetic particles as stamps and
PMMA film as the medium |
magnetic particles (Fe2O3), spheres,
NPs (12 nm) |
clusters
of particles, distance between clusters is 100–200 μm |
∼25 mm2 (template-dependent) |
(95) |
| electric-field-assisted |
DEP |
array of microelectrodes embedded in a SiO2 matrix |
most materials, spheres, 100 nm to 2 μm |
∼2 μm (template-dependent) |
∼100 μm (template-dependent) |
(100) |
| EL |
either conductive or substrates
that can react electrochemically |
materials formed by
electrochemical reactions (e.g., oxides), ∼15 nm to several
micrometers |
stamp or microcahnnel dependent |
∼1 cm2
|
(102−105) |
| light |
interference |
Au film deposited glass |
photoresist (Au film
is etched based on the photoresist pattern) |
template-dependent |
4 cm2
|
(109) |
| light-assisted chemistry |
Au nanobowl (plasmonic
materials) as a template and a precursor
containing solution |
Ag particles, (precursor-dependent),
sphere-like shape, several
tens of nanometers (time-dependent) |
500 nm of hexagon rings (template-dependent) |
1 cm2 (template-dependent) |
(110) |
| combining electric
field and light |
glass substrates with thiol groups |
most materials, functionalized surface for UV click chemistry |
precisely controlled by electric-field (not limited) |
500 μm2
|
(112) |
