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Common activation pathways of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production upon stimulation by molecular signatures known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are depicted.15 In the advent of the microbiome, because of similarities between pathogenic and nonpathogenic organisms, these signals are now called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs).18 Here the model of activation by PG (and synthetic mimics, MDP and ng-MDP) is shown.
