Table 1.
Modifications and mechanisms of the viral vectors used for GBM gene therapy.
| Viral vector | Agent | Modification | Mechanism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Retrovirus | HSV-tk | suicide gene therapy, thymidine kinase (TK) gene transfer | converting ganciclovir (GCV) into active form GCV triphosphate |
| TOCA511 | suicide gene therapy, cytosine deaminase (CD) gene transfer | converting 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into active antineoplastic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) | |
| Lentivirus | shRNA-lentivirus | sh-Bcl2 and S-TRAIL transfer | down-regulating Bcl-2 and inducing S-TRAIL expression |
| sh-SirT1 lentivirus | sh-SirT1 transfer | silencing SirT1 in CD133+ cells to improve radiotherapeutic sensitivity | |
| miR-100 lentivirus | miR-100 transfer | regulating FGFR3 to inhibit tumor growth and increase sensitivity to chemotherapy | |
| GAS1-PTEN lentivirus | growth arrest specific 1 (GAS1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) gene transfer | expressing GAS1 and PTEN equally to perform superimposed anti-tumor effect | |
| Adenovirus | ONYX-015 | E1B gene deletion | replicating in p53 pathway altered tumor cells |
| Delta-24 | E1A gene partial deletion, Delta-24 RGD: Arg- Gly-Asp peptide sequence incorporation |
replicating in Rb/p16 tumor suppressor pathway defective GBM cells Delta-24 RGD: expressing αv integrins to enhance infectivity |
|
| Herpes simplex virus | HSV1716 | RL1 gene (γ34.5) loci deletion | targeting cells with defects in PKR pathway |
| C134 | RL1 gene (γ34.5) loci deletion, human cytomegalovirus IRS1 gene transfer |
expressing IRS1 protein to enhance replication | |
| G207 | RL1 (γ34.5) and UL39 gene deletion | inhibiting viral replication in non-dividing cells | |
| rQNestin34.5v.2 | RL1 gene (γ34.5) loci deletion, RL1 gene under control of nestin promoter. |
replicating in PKR-deficient, nestin-positive tumor cells | |
| Oncolytic virus | Pelareorep (REOLYSIN) |
wild-type reovirus | replicating specifically in Ras pathway activated tumor cells |
| TG6002 | ribonucleotide reductase genes deletion vaccinia, suicide gene therapy, FCU1 gene transfer |
direct oncolysis effect and prodrug conversion | |
| H-1PV | wild-type parvovirus | clathrin-mediated endocytosis, DNA damage response, and cell-cycle arrest | |
| PVS-RIPO | poliovirus-rhinovirus chimera | restrict replicating in CD155-expressing tumor cells |