TABLE 1.

Different types of membrane-bound nAbts and their associated functions.

Membrane-bound NPs	Size/shape	Conjugated antibiotic	Conjugate’s chemistry	Targeted bacteria	Target site	Mechanism of action	Reference
Liposome	86.23 ± 14.02 to 109.33 ± 9.66 nm, spherical vesicle	Vancomycin (Van)	Polyanionic DNA nanostructured gels encapsulated with vancomycin and encaged within a cationic liposomal vesicle (Van_DNL) is formulated by non-covalent aromatic stacking/hydrogen bonding/electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions.	Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC BAA-1721)	Cell membrane	As a backbone building block, DNA nanostructured liposomes’ self-assembly significantly enhances Van’s loading capacity. High uptake efficiency of Van-DNL via intracellular delivery in bacteria enables sustained temporal release of vancomycin and constant ROS generation.	Obuobi et al. (2020)
Micelle	77 nm, spherical	Vancomycin (Van), Ciprofloxacin (CIP)	A pH- cleavable Hydrazone bond connects the carboxyl group of targeting ligand Van with an acetyl group of poly (ε-caprolactone) PEL initiated by a poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)	Escherichia coli TOP10, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01	Cell wall and cell membrane	Van and CIP-loaded micelles act as stimuli-responsive nanocarriers inside the host cell infection site. Target specific adhesion process interacts the drug conjugates with bacterial lipid membranes and injects on-demand sustained drug release profusely.	Chen et al. (2018)
Dendrimer	52.21 ± 0.22 nm, spherical	Vancomycin (Van)	Van and dendrimer molecules are encapsulated at the core of lipid-dendrimer hybrid NPs (LDHNs) and coated with a lipid shell. The LDHNs have a high negative charge, monodisperse, and did not form aggregation. The dendrimer’s Multivalent binding capacity can entrap very high Van at the core by hydrogen bonding.	Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC25922), Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (ATCC BAA-1683)	Cell membrane	High entrapment efficiency and Van’s loading capacity inside the smaller-sized LDHNs lipid carriers ensure successful penetration and sustained drug delivery inside the target site's cell membrane.	Sonawane et al. (2016)