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. 2021 May 13;8:681676. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.681676

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Copyright © 2021 Lv, Wang, Wang and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic diagram of the mechanism of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Ischemia increases intracellular and mitochondrial calcium levels by interfering with ATPase dependent ion transport. At the same time, the mechanism of cell volume regulation is also destroyed by the lack of ATP, which can cause the dissolution of organelles and plasma membranes. Although reperfusion can save hypoxic tissue, it can promote the production of reactive oxygen species, isolate pro-inflammatory immune cells in ischemic tissue, and aggravate tissue injury.