TABLE 2.
Representative host-targeting antivirals for CoV infections.
| Name of drugs | Mechanism of action | In vitro | In vivo | Clinical trial | Approved | References |
| Glycyrrhizin | Blocks the binding of ACE2 and RBD | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | SARS-CoV-2(NCT04487964) | N.A. | Zhou and Huang, 2020 |
| Nobiletin | Blocks the binding of ACE2 and RBD | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Zhou and Huang, 2020 |
| Neohesperidin | Blocks the binding of ACE2 and RBD | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Zhou and Huang, 2020 |
| SSAA09E2 | Blocks the binding of ACE2 and RBD | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Oany et al., 2020; Oroojalian et al., 2020 |
| Chlorpromazine | Inhibits endocytosis | MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | SARS-CoV-2(NCT04516512) | N.A. | Glebov, 2020 |
| Chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine | Immunoregulater | HIV, SARS, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 | HIV, SARS, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 | HIV, SARS, Influenza, SARS-CoV-2 | Anti-malarial | Cao Y. et al., 2020; Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Touret and de Lamballerie, 2020; Wang et al., 2020c |
| Camostat Mesylate | TMPRSS2 inhibitor | SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 | Influenza, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | Hoffmann et al., 2020a; Breining et al., 2021 |
| Nafamostat | Serine proteinase inhibitor | MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | Yamamoto et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2020c |
| Ivermectin | N.A. | Influenza, DENV, SARS-CoV-2, VEEV | ZIKV | SARS-CoV-2 | Anti-parasitic agent | Caly et al., 2020; Rajter et al., 2021 |
| Nitazoxanide | Boosts host innate immune responses and tackle cytokine storm | Human and animal coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | Antiprotozoal agent | Wang et al., 2020c; Rajter et al., 2021 |
| Interferon alfa-2a and -2b | Stimulates innate antiviral responses | HBV, HCV, SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | SARS-CoV-2 | HBV,HCV | Zeng Y.M. et al., 2020; WHO Solidarity Trial Consortium et al., 2021 |
| Deguelin | PI3K/Akt inhibitor | HCV, HCMV, SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | Cancer | Nukui et al., 2018; Liao et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2021 |
| Nilotinib | BCR-ABL inhibitor, induces autophagy by activating AMPK | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | Chronic myeloid leukemia | Sun et al., 2021 |
| Sorafenib | Multikinase inhibitor of Raf-1 and B-Raf | SARS-CoV-2 | N.A. | N.A. | Hepatocellular carcinoma | Sun et al., 2021 |
Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV).