TABLE 3.
TGF-β/Smad3-dependent lncRNAs in renal fibrosis and inflammation.
| ncRNA | Model | Mechanism/function | Pathological output(s) | Year | References |
| Ptprd-IR (np_4334) | UUO mouse and TECs | Contains a binding site for Smad3 and promotes NF-κB-driven inflammation | Pro-inflammatory | 2020 | Pu et al., 2020 |
| Erbb4-IR (np_5318) | DN mouse, TECs, and MCs | Binds to miR-29b to downregulate miR-29b expression | Pro-fibrotic | 2020 2018 | Sun et al., 2018; Xu et al., 2020 |
| UUO mouse and TECs | Binds to Smad7 to downregulate Smad7 expression | Pro-fibrotic | 2018 | Feng et al., 2018 | |
| Arid2-IR (np_28496) | DN mouse and MCs | Upregulated by Egr-1-induced ECM production | Pro-fibrotic | 2019 | Yang et al., 2019 |
| UUO mouse, anti-GBM mouse, and TECs | Contains a binding site for Smad3 and promotes NF-κB-driven inflammation | Pro-inflammatory | 2015 | Zhou et al., 2015a | |
| LRNA9884 | DN mouse, TECs, and MCs | Directly triggers the MCP-1 production | Pro-inflammatory | 2019 | Zhang et al., 2019c |
| NONHSAG053901 | DN mouse and MCs | Directly binds to Egr-1 | Pro-fibrotic; pro-inflammatory | 2019 | Peng et al., 2019 |
| HOTAIR | UUO rat and TECs | Regulation of miR-124/Notch1 | Pro-fibrotic | 2019 | Zhou et al., 2019 |
| lncRNA-ATB | UUO rat and TECs | Regulated by Livin to promote EMT | Pro-fibrotic | 2019 | Zhou and Jiang, 2019 |
| MEG3 | TECs | Regulated by miR-185/DNMT1 axis to inhibit fibrosis | Anti-fibrotic | 2019 | Xue et al., 2019 |
| TECs; acute renal allograft; and mice | Function as target of miR-181b-5p to regulate the expression of TNF-α | Pro-inflammatory | 2019 | Pang et al., 2019 | |
| ENST00000453774.1 | Human renal fibrotic tissue, UUO mouse, and TECs | Activates autophagy by promoting ROS defense activates Nrf2/HO-1 signaling | Anti-fibrotic | 2019 | Xiao et al., 2019 |
| lnc-TSI | IgAN patient and UUO mouse | Binds with Smad3 to block the interaction between Smad3 and TβR1 | Anti-fibrotic | 2018 | Wang et al., 2018b |
| TCONS_00088786 | UUO mouse and TECs | Possible regulation of miR-132 | Pro-fibrotic | 2018 | Zhou et al., 2018 |
| UUO rat and TECs | / | Pro-fibrotic | 2017 | Sun et al., 2017 | |
| TCONS_01496394 | UUO rat and TECs | / | Pro-fibrotic | 2017 | Sun et al., 2017 |
| H19 | UUO mouse, DN mouse, and TECs | Stimulated by TGF-β2 and serves as a sponge for miR-17 | Pro-fibrotic | 2016 | Xie et al., 2016 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; FSGS, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis; STZ, streptozotocin; DN, diabetic nephropathy; SLE, systematic erythematosus lupus; IgAN, IgA nephropathy; anti-GBM, anti-glomerular basement membrane; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction; AKI, acute kidney injury; IRI, ischemia-reperfusion injury; MCs, mesangial cells; TECs, tubular epithelial cells; ECs, endothelial cells; SAA3, serum amyloid antigen 3.