TABLE 5.

Descriptive statistics of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 per category and comparison of effect sizes between unit-weighted and latent means.

			Unit-weighted scores		Unit-weighted score differencesa		Latent mean differencesb
Category	Subgroup	N	Mean	SD	SES	P-value	SES	P-value
PHQ-9
Total		1207	3.71	3.72
Gender	Female	553	4.66	3.93
	Male	654	2.91	3.34	−0.417	<0.001	−0.429	<0.001
Age	30–40	326	3.24	3.27
	41–50	493	3.66	3.78	0.076	0.203	0.094	0.228
	51–60	388	4.16	3.97	0.152	0.016	0.194	0.001
Education	Primary	305	4.83	4.34
	Secondary	619	3.72	3.67	−0.195	0.001	−0.259	<0.001
	Higher	283	2.45	2.56	−0.446	<0.001	−0.602	<0.001
Status	At risk	1006	3.77	3.77
	T2D	201	3.4	3.47	−0.046	0.477	−0.085	0.508
Time	T0	1006	3.77	3.77
	T1	982	3.09	3.49	−0.168	<0.001	−0.151	<0.001
	T2	963	2.68	3.19	−0.255	<0.001	−0.262	<0.001
GAD-7
Total		1205	3.16	3.33
Gender	Female	554	3.9	3.72
	Male	651	2.52	2.8	−0.299	<0.001	−0.603	<0.001
Age	30–40	324	3.09	3.19
	41–50	495	3.09	3.26	−0.039	0.471	0.042	0.583
	51–60	386	3.3	3.53	0.002	0.973	0.130	0.101
Education	Primary	305	3.91	3.81
	Secondary	617	3.1	3.2	−0.144	0.007	−0.292	<0.001
	Higher	283	2.47	2.86	−0.328	<0.001	−0.541	<0.001
Status	At risk	1003	3.21	3.37
	T2D	202	2.88	3.11	−0.065	0.265	−0.138	0.181
Time	T0	1003	3.21	3.37
	T1	981	2.62	2.94	−0.132	<0.001	−0.180	<0.001
	T2	963	2.42	2.81	−0.172	<0.001	−0.256	<0.001

^aBased on robust regression with MM-estimation.

^bBased on multigroup structural equation modeling using a second order model for the PHQ-9 to allow for comparison of the general factor latent mean. SD, standard deviation; SES, standardized effect size; T2D, type two diabetes. Interpretation of the SES corresponds to Cohen’s d (conventionally: d = 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 for small, medium, and large effects, respectively). Empty rows indicate the reference category.