Table 1.

The viral proteins known to regulate exosomes biogenesis.

Virus type	Virus name	Viral components	Effector	Function and mechanism	Reference
RNA VIRUS	HIV-1 (+ssRNA)	Accessory protein Nef	—	Nef expression reduces the sorting of CD4 and MHC class 1 molecules into exosomes	(de Carvalho et al., 2014)
				Nef expression in monocytes alters miRNA distribution within exosomes and cells	(Aqil et al., 2014)
	EBOV (-ssRNA)	Matrix protein VP40	—	VP40 may increase the production of exosomes by upregulating some ESCRT machinery components.	(Pleet et al., 2016)
			cyclin D1	VP40 reduces the number of while increasing the size of secreted EVs, especially at G0 phase, though its modulation of the cell cycle via upregulation cycling D1 expression.	(Pleet et al., 2018)
	HAV (+ssRNA)	Structural protein pX	Alix	PX transports foreign protein and virus particles into MVBs prior to their release via exosomes by interacting with Alix directly.	(Feng et al., 2013; Jiang et al., 2020)
DNA VIRUS	HHV-1 (dsDNA)	gB	DR molecules	Glycoprotein B binds to DR, and ubiquitinated gB transfers DR-gB complexes into the exosomes.	(Temme et al., 2010)
		Accessory protein γ134.5	—	The deletion of viral γ134.5 gene markedly attenuates HSV-induced exosome secretion.	(Heikkilä et al., 2016)
	HHV-4 (dsDNA)	LMP1	SDC2 and SYTL4	LMP1 increases exosome secretion by upregulating SDC2 and SYTL4 in cells and the interaction between SDC2 and syntenin.	(Liao et al., 2020)
	HBV (dsDNA)	HBx	nSMASE2 and CD9, CD81, and CD63	HBx increases exosome secretion by upregulating the activity and mRNA level of nSMase2 and interacting with the exosomal biomarkers CD9, CD81, and nSMase2.	(Kapoor et al., 2017);
			A3G	HBx enhances the transportation of A3G protein into the exosomes.	(Chen et al., 2017)
PRIONS	protein-based infectious agent	PRNP	Caveolin-1	PRNP increases exosome secretion by inhibiting the caveolin-1-activated autophage pathway.	(Dias et al., 2016)