Table 1. Evidence Table.
| Source | Country | Cohort type | Illness severity, mean (SD)a | Participant characteristics | Participants hospitalized, No./total No. in final sample (%) | Participants in ICU, No./total No. hospitalized (%) | Participant retention, No. in final sample/total No. eligible (%) | Outcome measurements | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | Male sex, No./total No. in final sample (%) | ||||||||
| Akter et al,8 2020 | Bangladesh | Nonconcurrent single-arm | NR | NR | 558/734 (76.0) | 734/734 (100) | NR | 734/NR (NR) | Medical records |
| Arnold et al,9 2020 | United Kingdom | Concurrent single-arm | 1.16 (0.37) | Mean (range), 47 (32-61) | 68/110 (61.8) | 110/110 (100) | NR | 110/131 (84.0) | Radiography (chest abnormalities); blood sample (laboratory assessments); SF-36 (QOL); self-report (other outcomes) |
| Carfi et al,10 2020 | Italy | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 56.5 (14.6) | 90/143 (62.9) | 143/143 (100) | 18/143 (12.6) | 143/157 (91.1) | EQ-VAS (QOL); patient survey (other outcomes) |
| Carvalho-Schneider et al,11 2021 | France | Concurrent, single-arm | 1.22 (0.41) | 49 (15) | 62/130 (47.7) | 46/130 (35.4) | 0 | 130/174 (74.7) | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); 10-point analog scale (chest pain, anosmia, and ageusia) |
| Chen et al,12 2020 | China | Concurrent single-arm | 1.09 (0.29) | 47.2 (13.0) | 186/361 (51.5) | 361/361 (100) | NR | 361/503 (71.8) | SF-36 (QOL) |
| Chiesa-Estomba et al,13 2020 | Spain | Concurrent single-arm | 1.00 (0) | 41 (13) | 274/751 (36.5) | NR | NR | 751/1222 (61.5) | QOD-NS (olfactory function) |
| Chopra et al,14 2020 | US | Concurrent single-arm | NR | Median (IQR), 62 (50-72) | 253/488 (51.8) | 488/488 (100) | NR | 488/1167 (41.8) | Self-report |
| D’Cruz et al,15 2021 | United Kingdom | Concurrent single-arm | 2.34 (0.22) | 58.7 (14.4) | 74/119 (62.2) | 119/119 (100) | 41/119 (34.5) | 119/143 (83.2) | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); PHQ-9 (depression); TSQ (trauma); GAD-7 (anxiety); 6-CIT (cognitive impairment); CT scan (organ function); 4MGS (gait speed); 1-min sit-to-stand test (mobility) |
| Daher et al,16 2020 | Germany | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 64 (3) | 22/33 (66.7) | 33/33 (100) | NR | 33/NR (NR) | PHQ-9 (depression); GAD-7 (anxiety); EQ-5D-5L (QOL); 6-min walk test (mobility); blood sample (laboratory assessments); electrocardiography and CT scan (organ function) |
| de Graaf et al,17 2021 | Netherlands | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 60.8 (13.0) | 51/81 (63.0) | 81/81 (100) | 33/81 (40.7) | 81/98 (82.7) | CT scan (organ function); pulmonary function tests; GAD-7 (anxiety); PHQ-9 (depression); PCL-5 (PTSD); CFQ-25 (cognitive impairment); IQCODE-N (cognitive impairment in older patients); NYHA (dyspnea) |
| Garrigues et al,18 2020 | France | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 63.2 (15.7) | 75/120 (62.5) | 120/120 (100) | 24/120 (20.0) | 120/204 (58.8) | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); EQ-5D-5L (QOL); self-report (other outcomes) |
| Gherlone et al,19 2021 | Italy | Concurrent single-arm | 2.25 (0.43) | Median (IQR), 62.5 (53.9-74.1) | 92/122 (75.4) | 122/122 (100) | 30/122 (24.6) | 122/NR (NR) | Extraoral and intraoral physical examinations (facial abnormalities) |
| Gonzalez et al,20 2021 | Spain | Concurrent single-arm | 3.00 (0) | Median (IQR), 60 (48-65) | 46/62 (74.2) | 62/62 (100) | 62/62 (100) | 62/75 (82.7) | SF-12 (QOL); HADS (depression); CT scan (organ function); mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); pulmonary function test |
| Halpin et al,21 2021 | United Kingdom | Concurrent single-arm | NR | Hospital ward: median (range), 70.5 (20.0-93.0) ICU: median (range), 58.5 (34.0-84.0) |
54/100 (54.0) | 100/100 (100) | 32/100 (32.0) | 100/158 (63.3) | EQ-5D-5L (QOL); telephone screening tool (other outcomes) |
| Huang et al,22 2021 | China | Concurrent single-arm | 1.79 (0.50) | Median (IQR), 57 (47-65) | 897/1733 (51.8) | 1733/1733 (100) | 76/1733 (4.4) | 1733/2142 (80.9) | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); EQ-5D-5L (QOL, anxiety, and depression); EQ-VAS (QOL); blood sample (lab assessment); CT scan (organ function); 6-min walk test (mobility) |
| Jacobs et al,23 2020 | US | Concurrent single-arm | 1.13 (0.33) | Median (IQR), 57 (48-68) | 112/183 (61.2) | 183/183 (100) | NR | 183/351 (52.1) | PROMIS Global-10 (all outcomes) |
| Lechien et al,24 2020 | Belgium | Concurrent single-arm | 1.00 (0) | 46.2 (11.2) | 29/88 (33.0) | 0 | 0 | 88/95 (92.6) | SNOT-22 (sinonasal outcomes); QOD-NS (olfactory function); NHANES (olfactory and gustatory function); 16-item Sniffin-Sticks identification test (psychosocial olfactory evaluation) |
| Lerum et al,25 2020 | Norway | Concurrent single-arm | NR | Median (IQR), 59 (49-72) | 54/103 (52.4) | 103/103 (100) | 15/103 (14.6) | 103/NR (NR) | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); EQ-5D-5L (QOL); chest CT scan (organ function) |
| Liang et al,26 2020 | China | Concurrent single-arm | 2.09 (0.29) | 41.3 (13.8) | 21/76 (27.6) | 76/76 (100) | 7/76 (9.2) | 76/134 (56.7) | Spirometry (pulmonary function); CT scan (organ function); blood sample (laboratory assessments) |
| Lu et al,27 2020 | China | Concurrent double-arm | 1.24 (0.47) | 44.1 (16.0) | 34/60 (56.7) | 60/60 (100) | NR | 60/155 (38.7) | MRI scan (cerebral activity); self-report (other outcomes) |
| Mandal et al,28 2020 | United Kingdom | Concurrent single-arm | 1.31 (0.46) | 59.9 (16.1) | 238/384 (62.0) | 384/384 (100) | 56/384 (14.6) | 384/878 (43.7) | Radiography (chest abnormalities); blood sample (laboratory assessments); PHQ-2 (depression); self-report (other outcomes) |
| Mazza et al,29 2021 | Italy | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 58.5 (12.8) | 149/226 (65.9) | 177/226 (78.3) | NR | 226/402 (56.2) | IES-R (distress); PCL-5 (PTSD); ZSDS (depression); BDI-13 (depression); STAI-Y (anxiety); WHIIRS (insomnia); OCI (obsessive-compulsive disorder); BACS (cognitive function); clinical records (inflammatory markers) |
| Mendez et al,30 2021 | Spain | Nonconcurrent single-arm | NR | Median (IQR), 57 (49-67) | 105/179 (58.7) | 179/179 (100) | 34/179 (19.0) | 179/216 (82.9) | SF-12 (QOL); SCIP (verbal memory); ANT (verbal fluency); WAIS-III (working memory); GAD-7 (anxiety); PHQ-2 (depression); DTS (PTSD) |
| Moreno-Perez et al,31 2021 | Spain | Concurrent single-arm | 1.66 (0.47) | Median (IQR), 62 (53-72) | 146/277 (52.7) | 277/277 (100) | 24/277 (8.7) | 277/326 (85.0) | EQ-VAS (QOL); radiography (chest abnormalities); blood sample (laboratory assessments); pulmonary function test |
| Munro et al,32 2020 | United Kingdom | Concurrent single-arm | NR | NR | NR | 121/121 (100) | 2/121 (1.7) | 121/NR (NR) | General questionnaire |
| Nguyen et al,33 2021 | France | Concurrent single-arm | NR | Median (IQR), 36 (27-48) | 56/125 (44.8) | 0 | 0 | 125/200 (62.5) | Self-report |
| Poncet-Megemont et al,34 2020 | France | Nonconcurrent single-arm | 1.45 (0.57) | 48.5 (15.3) | 52/139 (37.4) | 63/139 (45.3) | 6/139 (4.3) | 139/161 (86.3) | Self-report |
| Puntmann et al,35 2020 | Germany | Concurrent double-arm | 1.15 (0.70) | 49 (14) | 53/100 (53.0) | 33/100 (33.0) | NR | 100/NR (NR) | MRI scan (cardiac activity); self-report (other outcomes) |
| Qu et al,36 2021 | China | Concurrent single-arm | 1.09 (0.29) | Median (IQR), 47.5 (37.0-57.0) | 270/540 (50.0) | 540/540 (100) | NR | 540/573 (94.2) | SF-36 (QOL); self-report (other outcomes) |
| Raman et al,37 2021 | United Kingdom | Concurrent double-arm | NR | 55.4 (13.2) | 34/58 (58.6) | 58/58 (100) | 21/58 (36.2) | 58/NR (NR) | MRI scan (organ activity); spirometry (lung function); 6-min walk test (mobility); PHQ-9 (depression); GAD-7 (anxiety); MoCA (cognitive function); mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); FSS (fatigue); SF-36 (QOL) |
| Rosales-Castillo et al,38 2021 | Spain | Nonconcurrent single-arm | NR | 60.2 (15.1) | 66/118 (55.9) | 118/118 (100) | 9/118 (7.6) | 118/NR (NR) | Self-report |
| Shah et al,39 2020 | Canada | Concurrent single-arm | NR | Median (IQR), 67 (54-74) | 41/60 (68.3) | 60/60 (100) | NR | 60/82 (73.2) | Detailed pulmonary function test; 6-min walk test (mobility); CT scan (organ function); UCSD SOBQ (dyspnea) |
| Sonnweber et al,40 2020 | Austria | Concurrent single-arm | 1.72 (0.80) | 57 (14) | 73/133 (54.9) | 99/133 (74.4) | 29/133 (21.8) | 133/190 (70.0) | mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); spirometry and blood plethysmography (pulmonary function); chest CT scan (organ function); blood sample (laboratory assessments); transthoracic echocardiography (cardiac function) |
| Sonnweber et al,41 2020 | Austria | Concurrent single-arm | 1.66 (0.75) | 58 (14) | 65/109 (59.6) | 87/109 (79.8) | 18/109 (16.5) | 109/186 (58.6) | 6-min walk test (mobility); CT scan (lung function); blood sample (laboratory assessments), questionnaire (other outcomes) |
| Sykes et al,42 2021 | England | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 59.6 (14.0) | 88/134 (65.7) | 134/134 (100) | 27/134 (20.1) | 134/190 (70.5) | Radiography (chest abnormalities); mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); EQ-5D-5L (QOL); direct questioning (other outcomes) |
| Taboada et al,43 2021 | Spain | Concurrent single-arm | 3.00 (0) | 65.5 (10.4) | 59/91 (64.8) | 91/91 (100) | 91/91 (100) | 91/92 (98.9) | EQ-5D-5L (QOL); PCFS (functional status) |
| Tomasoni et al,44 2021 | Italy | Concurrent single-arm | NR | Median (range), 55 (43-65) | 77/105 (73.3) | 105/105 (100) | NR | 105/NR (NR) | HADS (anxiety and depression); MMSE (cognitive disorders) |
| Townsend et al,45 2020 | Ireland | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 49.15 (15.00) | 59/128 (46.1) | 71/128 (55.5) | 18/128 (14.1) | 128/223 (57.4) | CFQ-11 (fatigue) |
| Ugurlu et al,46 2021 | Turkey | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 41.2 (14.6) | 19/42 (45.2) | 42/42 (100) | 0 | 42/42 (100) | BSIT (olfactory function) |
| Vaira et al,47 2020 | Italy | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 51.2 (8.8) | 68/138 (49.3) | 32/138 (23.2) | 0 | 138/146 (94.5) | Self-administered olfactory and gustatory psychosocial tests (anosmia and ageusia/dysgeusia for outpatients); CCCRC Orthonasal Olfaction Test (anosmia and ageusia/dysgeusia for inpatients) |
| van den Borst et al,48 2020 | Netherlands | Concurrent single-arm | 1.53 (0.76) | 59 (14) | 74/124 (59.7) | 97/124 (78.2) | 20/97 (20.6) | 124/197 (62.9) | Resting pulse-oximetry and spirometry (pulmonary functioning); mMRC Dyspnea Scale (dyspnea); CT scan and radiography (chest function); CFS (frailty); HADS (anxiety and depression); TICS and CFQ (cognitive function); PCL-5 and IES-R (PTSD); SF-36 (QOL); blood sample (laboratory assessments) |
| Weerahandi et al,49 2021 | US | Concurrent single-arm | 2.00 (0) | Median (IQR), 62 (50-67) | 95/152 (62.5) | 152/152 (100) | 70/152 (46.1) | 152/397 (38.3) | PROMIS Global-10 (all outcomes) |
| Wong et al,50 2020 | Canada | Concurrent single-arm | NR | 62 (16) | 50/78 (64.1) | 78/78 (100) | NR | 78/96 (81.3) | EQ-5D-5L (QOL); UCSD Frailty Index (frailty); UCSD SOBQ (shortness of breath); Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep quality); PHQ-9 (depression) |
| Xiong et al,51 2021 | China | Nonconcurrent double-arm | 1.44 (0.59) | Median (IQR), 52 (95-102) | 245/538 (45.5) | 538/538 (100) | NR | 538/706 (76.2) | Medical records |
| Zhao et al,52 2020 | China | Nonconcurrent single-arm | 1.07 (0.26) | 47.7 (15.5) | 32/55 (58.2) | 55/55 (100) | 0 | 55/73 (75.3) | Medical records; CT scan (chest function); spirometry (pulmonary function); self-report (other outcomes) |
Abbreviations: 4MGS, 4-m gait speed; ANT, Animal Naming Test; BACS, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia; BDI-13, 13-item Beck Depression Inventory; BSIT, Brief Smell Identification Test; CCCRC, Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center; CFQ, Cognitive Failure Questionnaire; CFQ-11, 11-item Chalder Fatigue Scale; CFQ-25, 25-item Cognitive Failure Questionnaire; CFS, Clinical Frailty Score; CT, computed tomography; DTS, Davidson Trauma Scale; EQ-5D-5L, EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level scale; EQ-VAS, EuroQol Visual Analog Scale; FSS, Fatigue Severity Scale; GAD-7, 7-item General Anxiety Disorder Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; ICU, intensive care unit; IES-R, Impact of Event Scale–Revised; IQCODE-N, Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly–Netherlands; IQR, interquartile range; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR, not reported; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OCI, Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory; PCFS, Post–COVID-19 Functional Status Scale; PCL-5, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5; PHQ-2, 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PROMIS Global-10, 10-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Health instrument; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; QOD-NS, Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders–Negative Statements; QOL, quality of life; SCIP, Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry; SF-12, 12-Item Short Form Survey; SF-36, 36-Item Short Form Survey; SNOT-22, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test; 6-CIT, six-item Cognitive Impairment Test; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory–Form Y; TICS, Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status; TSQ, Trauma Screening Questionnaire; UCSD SOBQ, University of California San Diego Shortness of Breath Questionnaire; WAIS-III, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition; WHIIRS, Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Rating Scale; ZSDS, Zung Self-rating Depression Scale.
a
Disease severity at baseline was calculated as a weighted mean (the sum of all severity scores multiplied by the proportion of patients with that score). Severity scores were 0 (asymptomatic), 1 (mild or moderate), 2 (severe), and 3 (critical).