Table A2.
Correlations between infant cognitive scores, stimulating parenting practices and household characteristics using generalized structural equation model (GSEM).
| Variables | Coefficient | 95% CI | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panel A Dependent variable: infant cognitive score | |||
| Read book to infant (1 = yes) | 2.67 *** | 1.50, 3.84 | <0.001 |
| Told story to infant (1 = yes) | −0.25 | −1.39, 0.89 | 0.670 |
| Sang song to infant (1 = yes) | 1.12 * | 0.07, 2.16 | 0.036 |
| The primary caregiver is mother | −1.31 * | −2.34, −0.29 | 0.012 |
| Mother’s age (years) | 0.11 * | 0.02, 0.20 | 0.015 |
| Mother’s years of schooling | 0.34 *** | 0.16, 0.51 | <0.001 |
| Household has higher socioeconomic status (1 = yes) | 4.35 *** | 3.34, 5.35 | <0.001 |
| Household receives rural subsistence allowance (dibao) (1 = yes) | −1.57 * | −3.08, −0.06 | 0.042 |
| Panel B Dependent variable: Read book to infant (1 = yes) | |||
| The primary caregiver is mother | 0.10 *** | 0.06, 0.13 | <0.001 |
| Mother’s age (years) | 0.01 *** | 0.00, 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Mother’s years of schooling | 0.02 *** | 0.01, 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Household has higher socioeconomic status (1 = yes) | 0.07 *** | 0.04, 0.10 | <0.001 |
| Household receives rural subsistence allowance (dibao) (1 = yes) | −0.03 | −0.07, 0.00 | 0.055 |
| Panel C Dependent variable: Told story to infant (1 = yes) | |||
| The primary caregiver is mother | 0.04 ** | 0.02, 0.06 | 0.001 |
| Mother’s age (years) | 0.00 *** | 0.00, 0.01 | <0.001 |
| Mother’s years of schooling | 0.01 *** | 0.01, 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Household has higher socioeconomic status (1 = yes) | 0.08 * | 0.05, 0.11 | 0.05 |
| Household receives rural subsistence allowance (dibao) (1 = yes) | −0.03 | −0.06, 0.01 | 0.16 |
| Panel D Dependent variable: Sang song to infant (1 = yes) | |||
| The primary caregiver is mother | 0.16 | 0.12, 0.19 | 0.12 |
| Mother’s age (years) | 0.00 *** | 0.00, 0.00 | <0.001 |
| Mother’s years of schooling | 0.02 *** | 0.02, 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Household has higher socioeconomic status (1 = yes) | 0.12 *** | 0.09, 0.16 | <0.001 |
| Household receives rural subsistence allowance (dibao) (1 = yes) | 0.02 | −0.02, 0.05 | 0.30 |
Notes: a Generalized structural equation model (GSEM) is used to estimate the correlation between infant cognitive scores, stimulating parenting practices and household characteristics. Standard errors account for clustering at the village level. b The GSEM also adjusts for three infant characteristics: infant age (months), male infant (1 = yes), and infant premature (1 = yes). c Logistic regressions are used, and marginal effects are reported in Panel B, C, and D. d * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.