Table 3.

Therapeutic potential of flavone compounds from S. baicalensis in nicotine-induced asthma.

Activity	Mechanism of Action
Anti-inflammatory	Downregulate expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A, TNF-α/IL-1) and chemokines (CXCR1, CXCR2) in hASM cells through inhibiting TGF-β1-induced EMT, p-Smad3, ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and noncanonical and NF-κB signaling pathways Suppress expression of TNF-α, IL-13, IL-4, IL-17A and CCL2 via inhibiting NF-κB, STAT6, PI3K and RhoA/ROCK signaling pathways activation, which may lead to downregulation of RhoA mRNA expression
Anti-proliferation	Inhibit α7nAChR-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation and downregulate TRPC6 mRNA and protein expression, which may lead to decreased ROCE, SOCE and basal [Ca2+]i levels in HBSMCs Suppress Orai1, CD38, STIM1 expression and TRPC3-mediated SOCE in hASM cells Downregulate TGF-β1-induced cyclinD1, cyclinE, PCNA and HDAC4 and up-regulate miR-206 expression through inhibiting Smad2/3 signaling pathway activation
Anti-angiogenesis	Downregulate expression of VEGF and IL-1β-induced HIF-1α activation in hASM cells via suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway Suppress MMPs, snail, twist and fibronectin, and up-regulate E-cadherin expression through noncanonical signaling pathway inactivation
Anti-apoptosis	Inhibit NF-κB signaling pathway activation and ROS production, which may lead to decreased PARP and BAX expression in hASM/HBSMCs