Table 2.
Comparison of taste thresholds in the elderly participants according to their dietary status (inadequate, adequate, and excessive) for each nutrient.
| Parameters | Sucrose RT (mM) |
NaCl RT (mM) |
Caffeine RT (mM) |
Citric Acid RT (mM) |
Umami RT (mM) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (% EER) |
Inadequate (n = 36) | 121.9 ± 96.3 | 110.3 ± 87.4 | 9.0 ± 6.5 | 2.3 ± 3.0 | 22.5 ± 23.1 |
| Adequate (n = 28) | 105.5 ± 90.4 | 101.3 ± 93.4 | 8.2 ± 7.9 | 1.7 ± 1.9 | 19.8 ± 20.1 | |
| Excessive (n = 4) | 100.0 ± 0.0 | 60.0 ± 32.7 | 6.8 ± 5.3 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 16.7 ± 15.8 | |
| Protein (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 28) | 132.9 ± 100.6 | 122.1 ± 89.5 | 9.8 ± 6.5 | 3.0 ± 3.2 | 23.3 ± 22.8 |
| Adequate (n = 21) | 105.7 ± 95.6 | 82.4 ± 68.4 | 7.5 ± 8.0 | 1.1 ± 1.5 | 18.9 ± 22.3 | |
| Excessive (n = 19) | 95.0 ± 64.9 | 99.8 ± 101.6 | 7.8 ± 6.6 | 1.6 ± 1.95 | 20.2 ± 18.8 | |
| Fiber (% AI) |
Inadequate (n = 31) | 128.5 ± 99.6 | 122.7 ± 87.5 | 9.3 ± 6.6 | 2.0 ± 3.12 | 24.9 ± 24.0 |
| Adequate (n = 31) | 119.5 ± 94.9 | 102.3 ± 100.7 | 7.6 ± 7.7 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 18.2 ± 22.0 | |
| Excessive (n = 15) | 75.3 ± 49.2 | 66.1 ± 53.2 | 8.2 ± 7.0 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 17.3 ± 12.7 | |
| Vitamin A (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 51) | 125.4 ± 97.1 | 108.8 ± 85.6 | 8.9 ± 7.6 | 2.1 ± 2.7 | 21.1 ± 22.4 |
| Adequate (n = 11) | 82.7 ± 65.8 | 95.9 ± 107.9 | 5.8 ± 4.4 | 1.5 ± 1.9 | 20.1 ± 21.3 | |
| Excessive (n = 6) | 73.3 ± 41.3 | 73.7 ± 70.8 | 10.2 ± 5.3 | 2.3 ± 2.3 | 23.1 ± 13.0 | |
| Vitamin C (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 34) | 124.4 ± 96.2 | 119.6 ± 84.3 | 8.8 ± 6.5 | 2.5 ± 3.0 | 24.3 ± 23.4 |
| Adequate (n = 14) | 118.9 ± 108.5 | 96.1 ± 93.2 | 6.3 ± 7.3 | 1.6 ± 2.0 | 19.1 ± 20.0 | |
| Excessive (n = 20) | 92.5 ± 64.2 | 81.9 ± 88.5 | 9.6 ± 7.6 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | 17.1 ± 18.6 | |
| Thiamin (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 13) | 155.8 ± 113.5 | 147.7 ± 107.3 | 10.9 ± 6.2 | 4.9 ± 3.4b | 29.8 ± 24.5 |
| Adequate (n = 20) | 109.3 ± 80.3 | 100.3 ± 65.5 | 8.4 ± 6.5 | 1.1 ± 1.5a | 19.9 ± 22.8 | |
| Excessive (n = 35) | 101.0 ± 84.7 | 89.2 ± 87.9 | 7.7 ± 7.5 | 1.4 ± 1.8a | 18.5 ± 18.9 | |
| Riboflavin (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 32) | 125.3 ± 96.5 | 122.0 ± 85.6 | 9.5 ± 6.4 | 2.7 ± 3.1 | 24.5 ± 23.7 |
| Adequate (n = 18) | 121.4 ± 101.8 | 105.8 ± 95.2 | 7.9 ± 8.3 | 0.9 ± 1.2 | 19.0 ± 23.7 | |
| Excessive (n = 18) | 86.1 ± 62.3 | 68.7 ± 77.1 | 7.3 ± 6.7 | 2.0 ± 2.1 | 17.0 ± 13.0 | |
| Niacin (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 32) | 122.8 ± 98.2 | 116.4 ± 86.2 | 9.1 ± 6.6 | 2.7 ± 3.1 | 23.4 ± 23.9 |
| Adequate (n = 25) | 113.6 ± 94.7 | 96.4 ± 88.4 | 8.3 ± 8.2 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | 18.2 ± 17.6 | |
| Excessive (n = 11) | 88.6 ± 51.1 | 82.9 ± 92.5 | 7.2 ± 5.5 | 1.9 ± 2.2 | 20.9 ± 22.6 | |
| Vitamin B6 (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 26) | 140.6 ± 100.2 | 130.0 ± 88.8 | 9.2 ± 5.8 | 3.0 ± 3.2 | 22.0 ± 20.8 |
| Adequate (n = 20) | 88.3 ± 70.2 | 77.3 ± 63.7 | 7.5 ± 8.9 | 1.3 ± 1.8 | 19.6 ± 22.6 | |
| Excessive (n = 22) | 105.7 ± 90.5 | 96.5 ± 99.5 | 8.6 ± 6.7 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 21.3 ± 21.8 | |
| Folic acid (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 22) | 154.1 ± 102.4b | 135.4 ± 96.6 | 10.1 ± 5.5 | 3.2 ± 3.4b | 24.3 ± 21.8 |
| Adequate (n = 21) | 85.0 ± 88.9a | 74.8 ± 44.0 | 6.2 ± 8.0 | 1.1 ± 1.8a | 18.7 ± 22.4 | |
| Excessive (n = 25) | 102.8 ± 69.4ab | 99.9 ± 100.1 | 9.0 ± 7.1 | 1.7 ± 1.9ab | 20.3 ± 20.7 | |
| Vitamin B12 (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 4) | 200.0 ± 81.6 | 225.0 ± 50.0b | 5.2 ± 1.8 | 2.3 ± 2.0 | 42.9 ± 24.0 |
| Adequate (n = 10) | 140.0 ± 121.3 | 146.0 ± 107ab | 10.4 ± 4.0 | 3.9 ± 3.8 | 22.5 ± 21.5 | |
| Excessive (n = 54) | 103.0 ± 81.8 | 86.8 ± 76.5a | 8.4 ± 7.6 | 1.7 ± 2.2 | 19.2 ± 20.7 | |
| Calcium (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 48) | 124.5 ± 97.7 | 106.9 ± 82.7 | 8.7 ± 7.3 | 2.3 ± 2.8 | 23.1 ± 23.9 |
| Adequate (n = 12) | 92.1 ± 82.9 | 92.7 ± 103.7 | 7.1 ± 7.6 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 14.5 ± 12.9 | |
| Excessive (n = 8) | 83.1 ± 32.0 | 100.6 ± 102.4 | 9.7 ± 4.1 | 1.9 ± 2.1 | 19.1 ± 13.3 | |
| Phosphorus (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 20) | 163.5 ± 102.0b | 143.0 ± 98.3 | 10.1 ± 5.7 | 3.5 ± 3.4b | 26.2 ± 21.9 |
| Adequate (n = 14) | 78.9 ± 97.9a | 66.4 ± 32.2 | 6.6 ± 7.6 | 1.1 ± 1.8a | 16.5 ± 25.7 | |
| Excessive (n = 34) | 99.1 ± 68.4ab | 95.8 ± 89.7 | 8.4 ± 7.4 | 1.5 ± 1.8a | 20.0 ± 19.1 | |
| Sodium (% AI) |
Inadequate (n = 3) | 181.7 ± 128.5 | 173.3 ± 141.9 | 8.9 ± 3.9 | 5.1 ± 4.8b | 39.8 ± 35.8 |
| Adequate (n = 13) | 165.8 ± 111.5 | 153.8 ± 91.4 | 10.4 ± 6.7 | 3.6 ± 3.5ab | 22.6 ± 20.9 | |
| Excessive (n = 52) | 97.0 ± 77.2 | 87.1 ± 78.3 | 8.0 ± 7.2 | 1.4 ± 1.8a | 19.6 ± 20.6 | |
| Iron (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 9) | 181.7 ± 111.3b | 180.0 ± 92.7b | 9.7 ± 4.5 | 3.0 ± 3.3b | 37.1 ± 24.5b |
| Adequate (n = 14) | 130.4 ± 92.9ab | 104.3 ± 86.4a | 9.6 ± 6.5 | 3.1 ± 3.4ab | 15.9 ± 13.9a | |
| Excessive (n = 45) | 95.2 ± 79.5a | 88.2 ± 80.6a | 7.9 ± 7.6 | 1.3 ± 1.7a | 19.5 ± 21.6ab | |
| Zinc (% RNI) |
Inadequate (n = 17) | 160.3 ± 101.0b | 148.2 ± 90.6b | 9.5 ± 4.4 | 3.0 ± 2.8 | 28.2 ± 22.1 |
| Adequate (n = 18) | 86.1 ± 76.8a | 76.9 ± 62.6a | 9.0 ± 9.2 | 2.1 ± 3.2 | 20.8 ± 27.0 | |
| Excessive (n = 33) | 105.2 ± 85.4ab | 95.2 ± 91.5ab | 7.7 ± 6.9 | 1.5 ± 1.8 | 17.6 ± 16.9 | |
The percentage compared with the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (DRIs) was calculated. One-way analysis of variance was used for the test of differences and Tukey’s post-hoc test. Different lower letters in the same column indicate a statistical difference among the groups, according to the one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). Inadequate: <75% DRI, adequate: ≥75 and <125% DRI, and excessive: ≥125% DRI. EER, estimated energy requirement; RNI, recommended nutrient intake; AI, adequate intake