Table 5.
The ML prediction of follow-up fall incidents for each sensor location using the TUG tests’ kinematics signals.
| Sensor | Classification Method | Acc (%) | Se (%) | Sp (%) | J Index | F1-Score | AUC | C-Statistic (95% CI) |
C-Statistic p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neck | SVM_gyro | 70.00 (58.19, 72.22) |
2.20 (0.00, 20.00) |
96.08 (76.92, 100.00) |
−0.02 | 0.16 (0.00, 0.43) |
0.50 (0.36, 0.69) |
0.34 (0.49, 0.52) |
0.367 |
| SVM_accel | 69.00 (47.08, 72.22) |
1.20 (0.00, 20.00) |
95.08 (65.19, 100) |
−0.04 | 0.04 (0.00, 0.26) |
0.53 (0.36, 0.68) |
2.92 (0.51, 0.54) |
0.002 | |
| CNN_gyro | 60.46 (44.44, 72.16) |
42.35 (0.00, 83.5) |
67.42 (37.11, 100) |
0.07 (−0.37, 0.42) |
0.41 (0.00, 0.69) |
0.56 (0.33, 0.74) |
4.27 (0.54, 0.58) |
<0.001 | |
| CNN_accel | 54.71 (27.78, 72.22) |
28.61 (0.00, 100) |
64.74 (19.61, 84.61) |
−0.06 1 | 0.26 (0.00, 0.63) |
0.46 (0.16, 0.81) |
−2.13 (0.43, 0.49) |
0.983 | |
| Right | SVM_gyro | 71.78 (66.67, 72.22) |
1.40 (0.00, 20.00) |
98.77 (88.27, 100) |
0.00 (−0.08, 0.12) |
0.11 (0.00, 0.31) |
0.49 (0.37, 0.60) |
−0.25 (0.49, 0.51) |
0.599 |
| SVM_accel | 70.50 (61.11, 72.22) |
0.60 (0.00, 10.50) |
97.38 (84.61, 100) |
−0.02 1 | 0.12 (0.00, 0.29) |
0.49 (0.31, 0.66) |
−0.12 (0.48, 0.51) |
0.548 | |
| CNN_gyro | 50.38 (26.11, 72.22) |
44.00 (0.00, 100) |
54.10 (0.00, 88.84) |
−0.12 1 | 0.52 (0.00, 1) |
0.48 (0.26, 0.68) |
−1.83 (0.45, 0.50) |
0.966 | |
| CNN_accel | 49.72 (27.78, 72.22) |
43.05 (0.00, 100) |
52.11 (0.00, 84.61) |
−0.14 1 | 0.32 (0.00, 0.53) |
0.46 (0.18, 0.68) |
−2.48 (0.43, 0.49) |
0.993 | |
| Left | SVM_gyro | 71.61 (66.67, 72.22) |
0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
99.15 (92.31, 100) |
−0.01 1 | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) |
0.49 (0.34, 0.66) |
−0.82 (0.48, 0.51) |
0.794 |
| SVM_accel | 71.06 (61.11, 72.22) |
1.00 (0.00, 20.00) |
98.00 (84.62, 100.00) |
−0.01 1 | 0.21 (0.00, 0.33) |
0.51 (0.37, 0.62) |
1.37 (0.49, 0.51) |
0.085 | |
| CNN_gyro | 47.15 (27.78, 77.78) |
64.32 (0.00, 100) |
40.54 (0.00, 84.61) |
0.05 (−0.27, 0.45) |
0.54 (0.32, 0.81) |
0.41 (0, 0.70) |
3.06 (0.51, 0.57) |
<0.001 | |
| CNN_accel | 49.91 (27.78, 72.22) |
38.02 (0.00, 100) |
54.48 (3.84, 84.61) |
−0.08 1 | 0.28 (0.00, 0.62) |
0.44 (0.19, 0.70) |
−3.95 (0.41, 0.46) |
>0.999 |
1 Although the range of J is in [−1, 1], there is no practical interpretation of its negative values. Therefore, for the negative mean J index, the confidence interval is not reported.