Table 1. Background Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Adults With Schizophrenia Diagnosis in the Medicare Programa.
| Characteristic | Patient group | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 668 836) | Age group, y | |||||
| 18-34 (n = 95 195) | 35-44 (n = 112 283) | 45-54 (n = 166 939) | 55-64 (n = 117 860) | ≥65 (n = 176 559) | ||
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 317 892 (47.5) | 30 839 (32.4) | 43 857 (39.1) | 69 413 (41.6) | 57 505 (48.8) | 116 278 (65.9) |
| Male | 350 943 (52.5) | 64 356 (67.6) | 68 425 (60.9) | 97 526 (58.4) | 60 355 (51.2) | 60 281 (34.1) |
| Race/ethnicityb | ||||||
| White | 423 744 (63.4) | 51 871 (54.5) | 68 743 (61.2) | 105 798 (63.4) | 77 907 (66.1) | 119 425 (67.6) |
| Hispanic | 59 150 (8.8) | 10 670 (11.2) | 10 536 (9.4) | 12 862 (7.7) | 8374 (7.1) | 16 708 (9.5) |
| Black | 159 903 (23.9) | 26 454 (27.8) | 27 863 (24.8) | 42 962 (25.7) | 27 883 (23.7) | 34 741 (19.7) |
| Otherc | 22 760 (3.4) | 4733 (5.0) | 4787 (4.3) | 4882 (2.9) | 3211 (2.7) | 5147 (2.9) |
| Comorbid diagnosisd | ||||||
| Depressive disorders | 277 406 (41.5) | 36 104 (37.9) | 44 492 (39.6) | 66 280 (39.7) | 49 909 (42.3) | 80 621 (45.7) |
| Anxiety disorders | 170 587 (25.5) | 24 744 (26.0) | 29 055 (25.9) | 40 422 (24.2) | 29 985 (25.4) | 46 381 (26.3) |
| Alcohol use disorder | 52 758 (7.9) | 7615 (8.0) | 11 205 (10.0) | 16 856 (10.1) | 9555 (8.1) | 7527 (4.3) |
| Drug use disorder | 129 071 (19.3) | 30 400 (31.9) | 30 552 (27.2) | 38 440 (23.0) | 18 762 (15.9) | 10 917 (6.2) |
| Sleep disorders | 90 416 (13.5) | 11 879 (12.5) | 15 834 (14.1) | 23 226 (13.9) | 16 855 (14.3) | 22 622 (12.8) |
| Chronic pain | 288 465 (43.1) | 26 389 (27.7) | 40 303 (35.9) | 68 378 (41.0) | 56 343 (47.8) | 97 052 (55.0) |
| Suicidal ideation | 64 565 (9.7) | 15 995 (16.8) | 15 288 (13.6) | 17 769 (10.6) | 8986 (7.6) | 6527 (3.7) |
| Suicide attempt or self-injury | 10 704 (1.6) | 3012 (3.2) | 2813 (2.5) | 2899 (1.7) | 1260 (1.1) | 720 (0.4) |
| Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, mean (SD)e | 1.25 (2.00) | 0.56 (1.18) | 0.77 (1.48) | 1.02 (1.78) | 1.45 (2.18) | 2.01 (2.46) |
| Use of acute health servicesd | ||||||
| Any inpatient admission | 321 548 (48.1) | 45 236 (47.5) | 48 607 (43.3) | 72 293 (43.3) | 56 086 (47.6) | 99 326 (56.3) |
| Mental health | 191 026 (28.6) | 38 993 (41.0) | 37 594 (33.5) | 47 953 (28.7) | 29 880 (25.4) | 36 606 (20.7) |
| Substance use | 12 753 (1.9) | 2171 (2.3) | 3375 (3.0) | 4372 (2.6) | 1916 (1.6) | 919 (0.5) |
| Nonbehavioral health | 189 623 (28.4) | 12 352 (13.0) | 19 599 (17.4) | 38 367 (23.0) | 37 834 (32.1) | 81 471 (46.1) |
| Any emergency department visit | 409 104 (61.2) | 61 351 (64.4) | 67 626 (60.2) | 96 517 (57.8) | 70 109 (59.5) | 113 501 (64.3) |
| Mental health | 173 919 (26.0) | 36 528 (38.4) | 34 966 (31.1) | 44 108 (26.4) | 26 800 (22.7) | 31 517 (17.9) |
| Substance use | 18 818 (2.8) | 3855 (4.1) | 4757 (4.2) | 6039 (3.6) | 2752 (2.3) | 1415 (0.8) |
| Nonbehavioral health | 351 950 (52.6) | 48 173 (50.6) | 55 932 (49.8) | 81 882 (49.0) | 61 654 (52.3) | 104 309 (59.1) |
a
Data are from US Medicare 2007-2016 files and are expressed as No. (%) of patients.
b
The cohort also includes 3279 persons (0.5%) with unknown race/ethnicity.
c
Denotes Native American or Alaskan, Asian, Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander, more than 1 race, or missing race/ethnicity.
d
Measured in the 12 months before baseline.
e
Excludes alcohol abuse, drug abuse, psychosis, and depression.