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. 2021 May 26;78(8):1–8. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0959

Figure 3. Mendelian Randomization (MR) Sensitivity Analyses for the Association of Morning Diurnal Preference With Major Depressive Disorder.

Figure 3.

The x-axis shows the odds ratio for the association of genetically proxied morning diurnal preference with depression, scaled to a 1-hour earlier sleep midpoint. Bars represent 95% CIs. All displayed effect estimates used the outcome of major depressive disorder from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium–UK Biobank meta-analysis. The diurnal preference–specific single-nucleotide variants were not associated at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10−8) with any other sleep traits in the UK Biobank (sleep duration, napping, daytime sleepiness, and insomnia symptoms). IVW indicates inverse-variance weighted; MR-PRESSO, MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier, MR-RAPSB, MR–robust adjusted profile score; SNV, single-nucleotide variant.