Table 1.
Articles about the effectiveness of intervention measures against ESBL/AmpC-resistant E. coli or E. coli (n = 14).
| Articles | Animal/ Breed |
Matrix | Microorganism/Strain | Relevant Substance | Min Reduction | Max Reduction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention measure competitive exclusion | ||||||
| Hakkinen, Schneitz, 1996 [50] |
broiler (Ross 1) |
cecal content |
E. coli (O20:K-:H8) E. coli (O157:H7) |
commercial product Broilact (Orion Corporation, Espoo, Finland) | 0.9 log10 CFU/g (E. coli O157:H7) 2.2 log10 CFU/g (E. coli O20:K-:H8) |
6.6 log10 CFU/g (E. coli O157:H7) 5.5 log10 CFU/g (E. coli O20:K-:H8) |
| Nuotio et al., 2013 [51] |
broiler (Ross 508) |
cecal content | ESBL-prod. E. coli (CK11ctx) AmpC-prod. E. coli (CK23ctx; CK68ctx) |
CE: commercial product Broilact | 2 log10 CFU/g (CK11ctx) 2 log10 CFU/g (CK23ctx) 1 log10 CFU/g (CK68ctx) |
5.5 log10 CFU/g (CK11ctx) 4 log10 CFU/g (CK23ctx) 4 log10 CFU/g (CK68ctx) ** |
| Ceccarelli et al., 2017 [52] | broiler | feces | ESBL-prod. E. coli (E75.01/pE38.27) | commercial product Aviguard (MSD Animal Health Nederland, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) | 1.82 log10 CFU/g | 4.5 log10 CFU/g |
| Methner et al. 2019 [53] | layer (White Leghorn) | cecal content | ESBL-prod. E. coli: EEC 1475N - blaCTX-M15; EEC 1476N - blaTEM-52; EEC 1477N - blaTEM-20; EEC 1478N - blaSHV-12; EEC1500N - blaSHV-12/TEM; EEC1501N - blaCTX-M1); AmpC-prod. E. coli: (EEC 1479 N-blaCMY-2) | commercial product Aviguard | 2.0 log10 CFU/g | ca. 4.0–5.0 log10 CFU/g (strain variations) |
| Methner, Rösler, 2020 [54], | layer (White Leghorn (WL)) broiler (Ross 308) |
cecal content | ESBL-prod. E. coli: (EEC 1475N - blaCTX-M15; EEC 1476N - blaTEM-52; EEC 1478N - blaSHV-12); AmpC-prod. E. coli: (EEC 1479 N-blaCMY-2) | commercial product Aviguard | WL: 2.5–3.0 log10 CFU/g Ross: 2.5–3.5 log10 CFU/g |
WL: 5.0–6.0 log10 CFU/g Ross: 3.0–3.5 log10 CFU/g |
| Dame-Korevaar et al., 2020 [55] | broiler (Ross 308) |
feces | total E. coli and ESBL-prod. E. coli (strain E38.27) | commercial product Aviguard or PoultryStarsol (Biomin Holding GmbH, Getzersdorf, Austria; SYN) | CEP: no difference in the hazard ratio but reduction of total E. coli concentrations (−0.36, 95% CI −0.63 to −0.08 log10 CFU/g cecal content). | CEP or SYN: partially prevention of colonization, reduced time until colonization (hazard ratio between 3.71 × 10−3 and 3.11), reduced excretion (up to −1.50 log10 CFU/g), reduced cecal content (up to −2.80 log10 CFU/g), a 1.5 to 3-fold reduction in transmission rate. |
| Dame-Korevaar et al., 2020 [56] | broiler (Ross 308) | feces and cecal content | ESBL-prod. E. coli
(strain E38.27) |
commercial product Aviguard | Delayed time until colonization: Time Ratio (TR) 3.00, 95% CI 1.82 to 4.95, TR 3.53, 95% CI 3.14 to 3.93. | broilers in the CE groups were not colonized |
| Intervention measure cleaning and disinfection | ||||||
| Luyckx et al., 2015 [57] |
broiler | surface | E. coli | cleaning: commercial solutions containing sodium hydroxide disinfection: a combination of quaternary ammonium compounds (quats), aldehydes and alcohol |
na | 86% reduction in number of positive swab samples only little differences (1–3%) for the options soaking step and using warm or cold water for cleaning |
| Luyckx et al., 2015 [58] |
broiler | surface | E. coli | cleaning compounds: Sodium hydroxide disinfection compounds: Quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehydes, alcohols |
na | cleaning: 1.3 log10 CFU/625 cm2
disinfection: 0.3 log10 CFU/625 cm2 |
| Gradel et al., 2004 [59] |
layer | feces/feed | E. coli * | humidity, formaldehyde | na | 100% elimination of naturally occurring E. coli in feces samples |
| Hao et al., 2013 [60] |
layer | surfaces, feces, feed, feathers and dust | E. coli | slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW, pH 5.0–6.5) with an available chlorine concentration of 300 mg/L | na | 16% reduction in number of E. coli positive samples |
| Intervention measure feed additives | ||||||
| Goodarzi Boroojeni et al., 2014 [61] |
broiler (Cobb) |
digesta from crop, gizzard, cecum and ileum | E. coli | commercial product containing 63.75% formic acid, 25.00% propionic acid and 11.25% water | 1.5% acid: 0.6 log10 CFU/g (not significant) | 0.75% acid: 0.7 log10 CFU/g (not significant) |
| Jamroz et al., 2005 [62] |
broiler (Hubbard Hi-Y) |
contents of the small intestine, whole caeca | E. coli | commercial product containing carvacrol 49.5 g/kg, cinnamaldehyde 29.7 g/kg and capsaicin 19.8 g/kg | treatment-diet based on maize: 0.84 log10 CFU/g intestinal digesta | treatment-diet based on wheat and barley: 1.6 log10 CFU/g intestinal digesta |
| Roth et al., 2017 [63] |
broiler (Ross 308) |
cecal content | ESBL-prod. E. coli |
commercial product containing 20% formic, 10% acetic, 5% propionic acids, and 2.5% cinnamaldehyde | no effect | 1.84 log10 CFU/g (not significant) |
ESBL-prod. E. coli = ESBL-producing E. coli, AmpC-prod. E. coli = AmpC-producing E. coli; * E. coli were organic indicator samples as it was too hazardous to put Salmonella samples into the layer houses. ** Estimated numbers from box-plots: Effect on E. coli CK11ctx (ESBL): reduction from (3.5, 4, 5, 6) to (1, 0.5, 3, 0.5) ≥ min 2, max 5.5 log10 Effect on E. coli CK23ctx: reduction from (5, 5, 5, 5) to (7, 7, 9, 9) ≥ min 2, max 4 log10 Effect on E. coli CK68ctx: reduction from (4, 6, 3.8, 6) to (3, 3.8, 0, 2) ≥ min 1, max 4 log10.