Table 1.
Clinical studies of ICG guided sentinel lymph node biopsy in oral cancer.
| Author | Stage | Population | NIR Imaging Device | Tracer | ICG Dilution Solvent | ICG Concen-Tration (mg/mL) |
ICG Dose (ml) | Injection Route |
ICG Injection Time |
Time to SLN Identification after Injection |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bredell (2010) [71] |
TxN0 | 8 (5: OSCC, 3: Maxilla) |
PDE | ICG alone | sterile water | 10 | ICG: 1 | Peritumoral at least 5P |
After induction of anesthesia | 30 min initially, down to 5 min or less in the latter cases |
| van den Berg (2012) [72] |
T1-2N0 | 14 | HEMS | ICG-99m Tc nanocolloid | sterile water | 5 | total 0.4 mL of median of 77 (range 67–94) MBq hybrid tracer |
Peritumoral 3-4P |
3–19 h before surgery | NA |
| Iwai (2012) [73] |
TxN0 | 1 | HEMS | ICG alone | NA | 5 | ICG: 0.5–1 | Peritumoral 4P |
After induction of anesthesia | Within several minutes |
| van der Vorst (2013) [66] |
T1-2N0 | 10 (8: OSCC, 2: OPC) |
Mini-FLARE | ICG:HSA | sterile water | 2.5 | 1.6-mL of 500 μM ICG:HSA | Peritumoral 4P |
After flap elevation | 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 and 60 min |
| Borbón-Arce (2014) [74] |
T1-2N0 | 25 (9: OSCC, 16: Melanoma) |
PDE | ICG-99m Tc nanocolloid | sterile water | 5 | total 0.4 mL median of 85 MBq (range 66–158 MBq) hybrid tracer | Peritumoral 3-4P |
3–24 h before surgery | NA |
| Murase (2015) [75] |
T1-2N0 | 16 | PDE | ICG+ 99m Tc-tincolloid |
sterile water | 5 | ICG: 0.4 (0.4ml of 74MBq 99mTc–tin colloid) | Peritumoral | After induction of anesthesia | NA |
| Peng (2015) [68] |
T1-2N0 | 26 (19: OSCC, 7: OPC) |
OMIONS | ICG + MB | NA | 5 (MB: 10) |
ICG: 1 (MB: 1.5) |
Peritumoral 4P |
Before skin incision | NA |
| Nakamura (2015) [69] |
T1-2N0 | 19 (15: OSCC, 2: OPC, 2:HPC) |
HEMS |
99mTc-tin colloid (n = 13), ICG + 99mTc-tin colloid (n = 4), ICG (n = 2) |
sterile water | 2.5 | ICG: 0.5 (1.0 mL of 99m Tc-tin colloid) |
Peritumoral 4P |
SLN detection at 15 min after ICG injection | ICG or ICG + RI: 19.8 ± 12.6 min RI alone: 30.6 ± 11.6 minutes |
| Christensen (2016) [70] |
T1-2N0 | 30 | Fluobeam 800 | ICG-99m Tc nanocoll | sterile water | 5 | total 0.2 mL of hybrid tracer (55 MBq at same day, 110 MBq at day before surgery) |
Peritumoral 4P |
NA | from skin incision to skin closure: average 39 min |
| Al-Dam (2018) [63] |
T1-2N0 | 20 | PDE | ICG | sterile water | higher | 0.5 mg/kg in 2 mL | Peritumoralat least 5P | After flap elevation | 8.1 min (range 1–22) |
| Honda (2019) [76] |
T1-2N0 | 18 | HEMS/ PDE |
ICG | sterile water | 5 | ICG: 2mL | Peritumoral | After flap elevation | 1 or 2 min after injection |
| Kim (2020) [67] |
T1-2N0 | 9 | Da Vinci Robotic system Firefly |
ICG | sterile water | 2.5 | ICG: 2 mL | Peritumoral 4P |
12 h before surgery | NA |
| Yokohama (2020) [77] |
T2-3N0 | 18 | PDE | ICG | NA | 2.5 | NA | Peritumoral 4P |
During surgery | 10 min after injection, transcutaneous SLN detection |
NIR, near-infrared; SLN, sentinel lymph node; Ref., references; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; OPC, oropharyngeal cancer; HPC, hypopharyngeal cancer; ICG, Indocyanine green; P, point; MB, methylene blue; NA, Not Applicable.