Table 3.
Characteristics and main findings of longitudinal studies that explored eating speed/rate.
| Longitudinal Studies | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children | |||||
| Author and Year | Population | Exposure (s) | Outcome (s) | Adjusted Variables | Results |
| Okubo 2017 [28]. | ▪ Osaka Maternal and Child Health Study. ▪ Japanese. ▪ n = 492 mother-child pairs. ▪ Age: 30–42 m. ▪ 1 year follow-up. |
Eating rate (self-reported). | BMI. | Child’s sex and age (at fourth survey), maternal age and BMI at enrollment, education level, family income, pregnancy smoking status, maternal working status at 30 months postpartum, birth order, birth weight, duration of breast-feeding, time spent watching TV at 30 months of age, protein intake, fat intake, and dietary fiber at 30 months of age. | Fast eating rate vs. slow eating rate at 30 m.: ▪ BMI at 42 m. (β = 0.67 [95% CI: 0.24, 1.10]). |
| Adults | |||||
| Author and Year | Population | Exposure (s) | Outcome (s) | Adjusted Variables | Results |
| Tanihara 2011 [9]. | ▪ Japanese. ▪ n = 529 men. ▪ Age: 20–59 years. ▪ 8 year follow-up. |
Eating speed (self-reported). | OW. | Age, drinking, smoking, regular exercise. | ▪ Fast vs. medium or slow eating speed: OW (OR = 1.80 [95% CI: 1.25, 2.59]). |
| Yamane 2014 [2]. | ▪ Japanese. ▪ n = 1314 (638 women and 676 men). ▪ Pre-universities. ▪ 3 year follow-up. |
Eating quickly. | OW. | Gender, eating quickly, frequently consuming fatty foods. | ▪ Eating quickly vs. no eating quickly: OW (OR = 4.40 [95% CI: 2.22, 8.75]). |
| Zhu 2015 [5]. | ▪ Japanese ▪ n = 8941 (5517 women and 3424 men). ▪ Age: 40–75 years. ▪ 3 year follow-up. |
Eating speed (self-reported). | MetS, WC, HDL-c, TG, BP and FPG. | Age and sex, drinking alcohol, dietary behavior, physical activity, sleeping, and Medication history. |
▪ Fast eating speed vs. not fast eating speed: HR for MetS (HR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.60]), WC (HR = 1.35 [95% CI: 1.10, 1.66]) and lower HDL-c (HR = 1.37 [95% CI: 1.12, 1.67]). ▪ Other variables: NA. |
| Leong 2016 [56]. | ▪ New Zealander. ▪ n = 1014 women. ▪ Age: 40–50 years. ▪ 3 year follow-up. |
Eating speed (self-reported). | OW. | Baseline BMI, age, socioeconomic status, thyroid condition, ethnicity, change in physical activity, change in smoking status and change in menopause status. | ▪ No significant associations for OW. |
Abbreviations: β, beta coefficient; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HDL-c, high density cholesterol; HR, hazard ratio; M, months of age; MetS, metabolic syndrome; NA, no associations; OB, obesity; OR, odds ratio; OW, overweight; TG, triglycerides; vs., versus; WC, waist circumference.