Table 4.
Effect of matcha or caffeine intake on memory-related tasks.
| Task | −4 Weeks (1) | 0 Weeks (2) | 12 Weeks (3) | Change from Baseline | p-Values (KW Test) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Baseline) | (Single Dose) | 0 W (4) | 12 W (5) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | ||||
| VBM | Correct hits | Placebo | 10.6 ± 2.2 | 12.5 ± 2.4 | 12.9 ± 2.5 # | 1.94 ± 2.4 | 2.35 ± 1.9 | 0.87 | 0.71 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.87 |
| (immediate) | Caffeine | 10.8 ± 2.2 | 12.9 ± 2.1 # | 13.1 ± 1.7 # | 2.12 ± 2.5 | 2.24 ± 2.7 | ||||||
| Matcha | 10.8 ± 2.1 | 12.4 ± 2.0 | 13.1 ± 1.7 ## | 1.59 ± 2.6 | 2.29 ± 2.1 | |||||||
| Correct passes | Placebo | 14.6 ± 1.2 | 14.6 ± 0.8 | 14.5 ± 0.6 | 0.06 ± 1.5 | −0.06 ± 1.3 | 0.42 | 0.87 | 0.56 | 0.78 | 0.40 | |
| (immediate) | Caffeine | 14.5 ± 0.7 | 14.5 ± 0.9 | 14.4 ± 0.9 | 0.00 ± 1.0 | −0.18 ± 1.1 | ||||||
| Matcha | 14.6 ± 0.7 | 14.7 ± 0.6 | 14.6 ± 0.9 | 0.12 ± 0.7 | 0.00 ± 0.9 | |||||||
| Correct hits | Placebo | 9.06 ± 3.1 | 10.5 ± 3.3 | 11.1 ± 3.0 | 1.47 ± 3.7 | 2.00 ± 3.0 | 0.75 | 0.72 | 0.78 | 0.14 | 0.25 | |
| (delayed) | Caffeine | 9.12 ± 2.3 | 11.3 ± 2.2 # | 11.0 ± 2.9 | 2.18 ± 2.8 | 1.88 ± 3.9 | ||||||
| Matcha | 8.59 ± 2.9 | 11.6 ± 2.3 # | 11.7 ± 2.6 # | 3.00 ± 2.4 | 3.12 ± 2.6 | |||||||
| Correct passes | Placebo | 14.1 ± 1.3 | 14.2 ± 1.0 | 14.5 ± 1.1 | 0.18 ± 1.1 | 0.41 ± 1.9 | 0.55 | 1.00 | 0.54 | 0.64 | 0.36 | |
| (delayed) | Caffeine | 14.4 ± 1.0 | 14.3 ± 0.8 | 14.2 ± 1.0 | −0.12 ± 1.4 | −0.18 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Matcha | 14.2 ± 1.0 | 14.2 ± 1.0 | 13.8 ± 1.9 | 0.06 ± 0.8 | −0.35 ± 1.5 | |||||||
| VIM | Correct hits | Placebo | 10.3 ± 1.9 | 11.3 ± 2.0 | 11.5 ± 2.0 | 1.00 ± 2.0 | 1.18 ± 1.7 | 0.97 | 0.96 | 0.39 | 0.94 | 0.18 |
| (immediate) | Caffeine | 10.5 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 2.2 | 11.4 ± 2.0 | 1.00 ± 3.2 | 0.88 ± 2.2 | ||||||
| Matcha | 10.4 ± 2.2 | 11.2 ± 3.4 | 10.5 ± 2.4 | 0.82 ± 3.0 | 0.12 ± 1.4 | |||||||
| Correct passes | Placebo | 12.1 ± 2.4 | 11.6 ± 2.2 | 11.5 ± 2.4 | −0.47 ± 1.5 | −0.59 ± 2.6 | 0.83 | 0.16 | 0.65 | 0.15 | 0.68 | |
| (immediate) | Caffeine | 12.6 ± 2.0 | 10.8 ± 2.7 | 11.9 ± 2.5 | −1.82 ± 3.7 | −0.71 ± 1.9 | ||||||
| Matcha | 12.5 ± 2.2 | 12.4 ± 2.3 | 12.1 ± 2.4 | −0.06 ± 1.4 | −0.35 ± 2.2 | |||||||
| Correct hits | Placebo | 9.59 ± 2.3 | 10.7 ± 2.6 | 10.4 ± 2.4 | 1.12 ± 2.7 | 0.82 ± 2.0 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 0.92 | 0.27 | 0.62 | |
| (delayed) | Caffeine | 9.47 ± 3.0 | 10.2 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 2.8 | 0.71 ± 4.3 | 0.88 ± 3.8 | ||||||
| Matcha | 9.94 ± 2.2 | 9.71 ± 2.4 | 10.1 ± 2.7 | −0.24 ± 2.4 | 0.12 ± 3.2 | |||||||
| Correct passes | Placebo | 11.3 ± 3.0 | 10.9 ± 3.3 | 9.77 ± 2.7 | −0.35 ± 2.8 | −1.53 ± 2.5 | 0.92 | 0.74 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.86 | |
| (delayed) | Caffeine | 11.5 ± 2.6 | 10.4 ± 3.1 | 10.4 ± 2.7 | −1.12 ± 4.0 | −1.12 ± 2.6 | ||||||
| Matcha | 11.1 ± 2.9 | 10.7 ± 2.8 | 9.47 ± 2.4 | −0.41 ± 3.2 | −1.65 ± 2.4 | |||||||
Values are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Group (inter) analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test (KW). (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) The numbers in brackets: at −4 weeks, 0 weeks and 12 weeks corresponded to the numbers listed in the column with the p-value for the KW test. Time (intra) was analyzed using Dunnett’s test (T3) for intra-group comparisons, using the baseline condition as the reference (baseline vs. 0 W and baseline vs. 12 W). The p-value was determined using a Bonferroni correction of # p < 0.05/2 = 0.025 and ## p < 0.01/2 = 0.005. Abbreviations: KW, Kruskal–Wallis test; VBM, verbal memory test; VIM, visual memory test; W, weeks.